Disease relevance of Paratuberculosis

• Specific detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by DNA hybridisation with a fragment of the insertion element IS900 [1].
• In addition, IgG, IgM, and IgA levels to M paratuberculosis were determined in sera from patients with active (n = 24) or inactive (n = 29) Crohn's disease and the control populations [2].
• IS1110 is a 1457 bp element lacking terminal inverted repeats, and is related to IS900 (from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis), IS901 and IS902 (from M. avium) and to IS116 (from Streptomyces clavuligerus) [3].
• The antibody response to two protoplasmic antigen preparations of M paratuberculosis in the sera of patients with inflammatory bowel disease was measured by ELISA [4].
• In contrast, mice injected with a monoclonal antibody against the type I IL-1 receptor failed to reduce the numbers of M. paratuberculosis in the liver and ileum and exhibited more liver granulomas, which contained numerous acid-fast bacilli [5].

Psychiatry related information on Paratuberculosis

• We prepose that the reductase of M. paratuberculosis represents an alternative strategy of mycobacteria to mobilize ferric iron and discuss its potential role in bacterial evasion of intracellular defense mechanisms [6].

High impact information on Paratuberculosis

• In particular, mouse models suggest TLR4 as a candidate gene for resistance to major agents in bovine respiratory disease and Johne's disease [7].
• Sera from animals with Johne disease, but not sera from uninfected cattle, reacted with this lipopeptide, indicating potential biological importance [8].
• This study used oligonucleotide primers to the species-specific M paratuberculosis IS900 DNA insertion element and the polymerase chain reaction to amplify any M paratuberculosis DNA from intestinal tissue DNA extracts [9].
• Members of the 30- to 32-kilodalton mycolyl transferase family (Ag85) from culture filtrate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis are immunodominant Th1-type antigens recognized early upon infection in mice and cattle [10].
• The genes identified encode proteins that are similar to (i) M. tuberculosis coenzyme A carboxylase, (ii) M. tuberculosis membrane proteins of unknown function, (iii) M. tuberculosis FadE20, (iv) a Mycobacterium paratuberculosis surface protein, and (v) M. tuberculosis cyclopropane fatty acyl-phopholipid synthase [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Paratuberculosis

• Last, a siderophore from Streptomyces pilosus, deferrioxamine B, was shown to cross-feed M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with the same efficiency as the more costly, native chelator, mycobactin J [12].
• After infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, NO was not constitutively released, but NO release from infected monocytes was induced by treatment with rIFN-gamma or with rIFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [13].
• These results suggest that clarithromycin may be fruitful to treat human disease in which M. paratuberculosis may be etiologically involved [14].
• In the absence of the perturbing influence of Tween 80, M. paratuberculosis was resistant to the antimicrobial agents tested [15].
• Following a 6-month treatment with prednisolone to facilitate bacillary multiplication, control mice substantially reduced the numbers of M. paratuberculosis in the liver and ileum [5].

Biological context of Paratuberculosis

• In this study, polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of IS900 DNA sequences specific to M. paratuberculosis genomes in biopsies and surgical resections from 53 children with various gastrointestinal diseases and disorders [16].
• Our results indicate that infection of bovine macrophages with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis promoted the downregulation of MHC class I and class II molecules on the macrophage surface within 24 and 12 h, respectively [17].
• The survival of M. paratuberculosis cells was monitored over a 27-week ripening period by plating homogenized cheese samples onto HEYM agar medium supplemented with the antibiotics vancomycin, amphotericin B, and nalidixic acid without a decontamination step [18].
• Restriction fragment length polymorphism was identified by PCR amplification and subsequent restriction enzyme digestion with PstI of a 960-bp fragment of the 65-kDa heat shock protein (hsp65) from 21 clinical isolates of M. paratuberculosis and 14 isolates of M. avium [19].
• Failure to activate these two genes at levels observed following phagocytosis of either E. coli or latex beads may uncover new mechanisms for the survival of M. paratuberculosis within bovine macrophage cells [20].

Anatomical context of Paratuberculosis

• Release of nitric oxide was inhibited by addition of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine; however, inhibition of nitric oxide did not alter the pattern of intracellular survival of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in rIFN-gamma-treated bovine monocytes [13].
• As MICs were significantly below the reported Cmax levels (about 4 micrograms/ml), the intracellular activity of clarithromycin against the type strain of M. paratuberculosis maintained in cultured macrophages was screened [14].
• Invasion of Peyer's patches by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis occurs through M cells, which, unlike other intestinal epithelial cells, express integrins on their luminal faces [21].
• They further suggest that whatever the role gammadelta+ T cells may play in paratuberculosis, it is not likely to be mediated by IFN-gamma production [22].
• Both egg yolk and mycobactin J were essential additives for growth of ovine strains of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in both liquid and solid media [23].

Gene context of Paratuberculosis

• Further, we have now identified a nine amino acid epitope shared by this functional variant of OCTN1 (Leu503Phe) (which decreases the efficiency of carnitine transport), and by C. jejuni (9 aa) and M. paratuberculosis (6 aa) [24].
• Bovine monocytes and RAW 264.7 cells incubated with M. paratuberculosis lipoarabinomannan (LAM), muramyl dipeptide (MDP), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 as detected by appropriate bioassays [25].
• A critical role of interleukin-10 in the response of bovine macrophages to infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis [26].
• Increased intestinal TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 expression in ovine paratuberculosis [27].
• 1. Sequence analysis of the corresponding sodA gene from M. paratuberculosis indicates that this protein is a manganese-dependent enzyme [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Paratuberculosis

• We also examined the effects of exogenous IFN-gamma, IL-10, and TGF-beta on M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival in the cell cultures [29].
• Duplex PCR for differential identification of Mycobacterium bovis, M. avium, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in formalin- fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from cattle [30].
• Characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography and rapid demonstration of mycobactin dependence using radiometric methods [31].
• These results suggest that the p35 recombinant protein has potential for use in the serodiagnosis of animals with Johne's disease at all stages of infection [32].
• It was concluded that serious consideration should be given to the immunodiffusion test as a diagnostic tool in control programs for caprine paratuberculosis [33].

References