Disease relevance of Whales

• The gene encoding the nucleocapsid protein of Gill-associated nidovirus of Penaeus monodon prawns is located upstream of the glycoprotein gene [1].
• Weight gain percentage of the shrimp analyzed by broken-line regression indicated that the minimal dietary vitamin A concentration in growing P. monodon is 2,511 RE/kg ( approximately 8, 400 IU/kg) [2].
• Hemostasis of tiger prawn Penaeus monodon affected by Vibrio harveyi, extracellular products, and a toxic cysteine protease [3].
• Toxicity tests were conducted to study the interaction of pH and the response of two size groups of penaeid prawns i.e. Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus to different sets of five concentrations of HgCl2 (0.01-0.09 mg l(-1)) under a broad range of pH conditions (5-9) [4].
• Antiserum to the gp116 glycoprotein of yellow head virus neutralizes infectivity in primary lymphoid organ cells of Penaeus monodon [5].

Psychiatry related information on Whales

• The surface active group (SAG) is the most commonly observed surface social behavior of North Atlantic right whales [6].

High impact information on Whales

• Northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) were formerly abundant in the northwestern Atlantic, but by 1900 they had been hunted to near extinction [7].
• Proton-decoupled Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of natural abundance 13C was used to obtain spectra of cyanoferrimyoglobin of sperm whale (Physeter catadon) at 14.1 and 23.5 kG [8].
• N-acetyltransferase, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase and melatonin in the optic lobes of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon [9].
• Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of amino acids and proteins. Side-chain mobility of methionine in the crystalline amino acid and in crystalline sperm whale (Physeter catodon) myoglobin [10].
• The method of sequential degradation has been applied to a number of short model peptides such as Gly-Leu-Tyr, Met-enkephalin, and Val-Leu-Ser-Glu-Gly and has been used to determine the COOH-terminal sequence of 4 residues of a 22-residue cyanogen bromide fragment of pygmy sperm whale myoglobin [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Whales

• Weight gain percentage and protein efficiency ratio of the shrimp analyzed by broken-line regression indicated that the minimal dietary biotin concentration in growing P. monodon is 2.0-2.4 mg/kg [12].
• Broken-line regression analyses of weight gain percentage and hepatopancreatic CoA and PA concentrations of the shrimp indicated that the adequate dietary PA concentration in growing P. monodon is 101-139 mg/kg [13].
• Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain, THC and hepatopancreatic vitamin E concentration of the shrimp indicated that a level of 85-89 mg vitamin E kg diet-1 is required for maximal growth and non-specific immune responses of P. monodon and that 179 mg vitamin E kg diet-1 is required to maximise tissue vitamin E concentration [14].
• Control of pathogenic Vibrio spp. by Bacillus subtilis BT23, a possible probiotic treatment for black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon [15].
• Subacute atropine toxicity in a pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps [16].

Biological context of Whales

• Nucleotide sequence of the p53 cDNA of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) [17].
• Evaluating the effects of historic bottleneck events: an assessment of microsatellite variability in the endangered, North Atlantic right whale [18].
• Sequence variation at the major histocompatibility complex DRB loci in beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhal (Monodon monoceros) [19].
• Increase of dietary vitamin C improves haemocyte respiratory burst response and growth of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, fed with high dietary copper [20].
• Penaeus monodon (29.42 +/- 0.39 g) that had been exposed individually to 0.001 (control), 0.07, 0.36, 0.72, and 1.44 mM nitrite in 25 ppt sea water were examined for the nitrite accumulation in hemolymph, gill, eyestalk, heart, foregut, midgut, hepatopancreas, and muscle and nitrite uptake after 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively [21].

Anatomical context of Whales

• The dietary thiamin level required for optimal growth in P. monodon was found to be approximately 14 mg/kg diet based on hemolymph (blood) thiamin analysis [22].
• The cDNA (DNA complementary to RNA) of the p53 gene of the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) was sequenced by the method of 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) with the cDNA made for the RNA obtained from fresh peripheral blood leukocytes isolated from two animals [17].
• NBT staining was used to determine the presence of superoxide anions (O2-) produced by tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) hemocytes attached to a coverslip [23].
• The delta isoenzyme of protein kinase C (PKC-delta), purified from the plasma membrane of the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Penaeus monodon is specifically phosphorylated at tyrosine residues, as demonstrated by specific dephosphorylation by phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Penaeus monodon [24].
• Bovine thyroid stimulating hormone administered to three beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, was effective in producing an increase in circulating levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine [25].

Associations of Whales with chemical compounds

• Elevated concentrations of mercury ( > 50 micrograms/100 g) were found in ringed seal liver, narwhal mattak, beluga meat, and beluga mattak, and relatively high concentrations of cadmium and lead ( > 100 micrograms/100 g) were found in ringed seal liver, mussels, and kelp [26].
• Purified diets with eight levels (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) of supplemental biotin were fed to P. monodon (mean weight 0. 26 +/- 0.01 g) for 8 wk [12].
• Estimation of the dietary vitamin A requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon [2].
• Purified diets with eight levels (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg) of supplemental menadione were fed to P. monodon (mean weight 1.33 +/- 0.05 g) for 12 wk [27].
• A feeding trial was conducted to estimate the minimal dietary pantothenic acid (PA) requirement for juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon [13].

Gene context of Whales

• cDNA cloning and characterization of a high affinity aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a cetacean, the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas [28].
• Partial nucleotide sequences of leptin were cloned and sequenced from six mammalian species: large hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus villosus), rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) [corrected], striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), raccoon (Procyon lotor), and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) [29].
• In beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), cytochromes P450 (phase I) and conjugating (phase II) enzymes have been extensively profiled (immunochemically and catalytically) in liver, demonstrating the importance of contaminants in relation to enzyme induction, metabolism and potential contaminant bioactivation and fate [30].
• Using this antiserum the putative P. monodon AST receptor was localized to the sinus gland in both juvenile and adult eyestalks [31].
• Antiserum to the Drosophila AST receptor (Dar-2) recognized a single protein in P. monodon eyestalk protein extracts that was identical in size to that found in Drosophila protein extracts [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Whales

• A newly developed ELISA showing the effect of environmental stress on levels of hsp86 in Cherax quadricarinatus and Penaeus monodon [32].
• We amplified and sequenced fragments of the mitochondrial Cyt b gene from 14 individuals of C. destructor using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers designed from conserved regions of Penaeus monodon and Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial genomes [33].

References