Disease relevance of Hepatopancreas

• Organ culture experiments using hepatopancreas slices demonstrated a >50% increase in ferritin heavy chain transcript levels in vitro under conditions of anoxia and freezing, as well as after incubation with the second messenger cGMP [1].
• Enzymatic pretreatment improved extractability of hepatotoxin from cyanobacteria (nodularin from N. spumigena as an example), but did not generally increase toxin recovery from prawn hepatopancreas [2].
• Acute toxicity of cadmium and copper in hepatopancreas cells from the Roman snail (Helix pomatia) [3].
• The isolated strain, 23-0-11, identified as Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, secreted a protease which released cadmium from scallop hepatopancreas into the liquid medium [4].

High impact information on Hepatopancreas

• A detergent, N-(N-dodecanoylsarcosyl)taurine, representative of a set of detergents synthesized by the crustacean hepatopancreas and secreted into the intestine, is capable of efficient cholesterol solubilization, and thus of promoting sterol absorption [5].
• After identification of C3 cDNA from Halocynthia roretzi, a Japanese ascidian, reverse transcriptase-PCR amplification of hepatopancreas RNA was performed using primers encoding highly conserved amino acid sequences of the vertebrate Bf and C2 serine protease domain [6].
• As a central molecule in the limulus innate immunity and hemostasis, Factor C gene expression has been detected in two major immune defense tissues, the amebocytes and hepatopancreas [7].
• 2-Keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN)- and N-acetylneuraminic acid-cleaving sialidase (KDN-sialidase) and KDN-cleaving hydrolase (KDNase) from the hepatopancreas of oyster, Crassostrea virginica [8].
• Respiration by mitochondrial preparations from hepatopancreas tissue of the land snail Helix aspersa is stimulated by D-mannitol [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Hepatopancreas

• Under anoxia, D- and L-alanine also largely increased in both muscle and hepatopancreas for each salinity level [10].
• To analyze the role of serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases in signal transduction during anoxia in O. virilis, changes in the activities of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein phosphatases 1, 2A, and 2C were measured in tail muscle and hepatopancreas over a time course of exposure to N(2)-bubbled water [11].
• During the first hour in anoxia a marked increase in L-lactate concentration in hemolymph was induced, followed by a reduction in its levels accompanied by two peaks in hepatopancreas gluconeogenic capacity [12].
• Anoxia exposure did not induce a reduction in the hepatopancreas phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in either dietary group [12].

Biological context of Hepatopancreas

• A carp hepatopancreas cDNA library was screened using two RT-PCR-amplified cDNA fragments encoding part of the carp factor I-like serine protease domain [13].
• Although several hormones (20-hydroxyecdysone, estradiol (ES), farnesoic acid (FA), juvenile hormone (JH) III, methyl farnesoate, and progesterone (PG)) apparently stimulated MeVg1 gene expression, only FA consistently stimulated MeVg1 expression by the hepatopancreas explants, while both FA and 20-hydroxyecdysone were stimulated ovarian explants [14].
• Estivation for 20 days induced a 4.9- and 1.8-fold increase in selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity (Se-GPX) and in total glutathione levels (GSH-eq), respectively, in hepatopancreas when compared to activity in active animals 24 h after awakening [15].
• Although 8.5-16.1% of the TFAA pool of P. expansa was attributable to glutamine, the glutamine contents in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, hepatopancreas and mantle were unaffected by 17 days of exposure to seawater [16].
• The effect of naphthalene on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants status was studied in hepatopancreas, haemolymph and ovary of the Scylla serrata with reference to the active vitellogenic stage [17].

Anatomical context of Hepatopancreas

• Cytochrome P-450 purified from hepatopancreas microsomes catalyzed NADPH- and reductase-dependent 16 alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone and testosterone 10 times more rapidly than the original microsomal preparation [18].
• Both proteins are specifically expressed in the same type of cell in the hepatopancreas and secreted into the hemolymph, but cryptocyanin plays a major role in forming the new exoskeleton, while hemocyanin functions in oxygen transport [19].
• Mitochondria were isolated from the hepatopancreas of the Florida spiny lobster Panulirus argus using a high osmolarity medium containing 600 mM mannitol, 83 mM sucrose, 5 mM 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid, pH 7.6, 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 1 mM EDTA [20].
• Lipid profiles of tissues (gonads, hepatopancreas, and tail muscle) of Penaeus setiferus caught at sea have shown that cholesterol is the dominant sterol and that polyunsaturated fatty acids known to be essential in man comprise a significant portion of the fatty acid fraction [21].
• Expression of alpha 2M was detected in hemocytes, but not in hepatopancreas, heart, stomach, intestine, coxal gland, brain and skeletal muscle [22].

Associations of Hepatopancreas with chemical compounds

• When blue crabs are exposed to cadmium in their diet, the metal accumulates in the hepatopancreas [23].
• 6. Pyruvate kinase activity in the supernatant of a hepatopancreas homogenate was completely activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, suggesting that the binding of this ligand to the purified pyruvate kinase was impaired [24].
• 1. The mechanisms that control the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate cycle in mussel hepatopancreas were investigated [25].
• The cysteine proteinase accounted for 80% of the proteolytic activity in the lumen of the hepatopancreas [26].
• alpha-L-Fucosidase, prepared in highly purified form (Mr 70 000-74 000) from Octopus hepatopancreas, was able to hydrolyse a fucose-containing ganglioside, namely Fuc-GM1 (II3NeuAc,IV2Fuc-GgOse4-Cer) [27].

Gene context of Hepatopancreas

• Northern blotting analysis suggested that C5-type I and C5-type II are mainly expressed in hepatopancreas, and the expression levels are significantly increased by stimulating carp with lipopolysaccharide or beta-1,3-glucan [28].
• LPO, GR and GPx in gill and hepatopancreas and hepatic GST were positively correlated with B[a]P concentration [29].
• During D-alanine administration, DAO gene was expressed quickly in hepatopancreas with the increase of DAO activity [30].
• In the present investigation, an ALDH was purified from the hepatopancreas of grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idellus) by affinity chromatographies on alpha-cyanocinnamate-Sepharose and Affi-gel Blue agarose [31].
• Total-superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in hepatopancreas decreased (by 30-40%) during summer-estivation; however, no changes occurred in the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the two organs [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hepatopancreas

• Two cytoplasmic cadmium-binding glycoproteins from the hepatopancreas of Buccinum tenuissimum were purified to homogeneity by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and double DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatographies in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol [33].
• Sequence analysis showed that 58% of mutations in gill and 94% of mutations in hepatopancreas were single G:C pair insertions, which is typical of mutations induced by ICR-191 [34].
• Purification of glutathione S-transferase from hepatopancreas extracts by Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephacel, and chromatofocusing resulted in the isolation of two isozymes with isoelectric points of 5.9 and 5.7, as determined by analytical isoelectric focusing [35].
• Glutathione S-transferase from Octopus vulgaris hepatopancreas was purified to apparent homogeneity by single glutathione-Sepharose-4B affinity chromatography with overall yield 46% and purification 249-fold [36].
• Density gradient centrifugation was performed on hepatopancreas homogenates in order to identify cellular fractions and their association with lead, copper and cadmium [37].

References