Disease relevance of Color Perception

• Abnormal color vision has been observed in 12 of 27 patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), a milder form of ALD [1].
• The disease presents with a triad of photophobia, loss of color vision and reduced central vision [2].
• If color vision defects are detected in patients at risk of developing chloroquine retinopathy, additional testing is indicated to rule out toxicity [3].
• Urinary glucose testing inaccuracies among diabetic patients. Effect of acquired color vision deficiency caused by diabetic retinopathy [4].
• The red-green and green-red hybrid genes are common X-linked color vision defects, and thus are unrelated to the high myopia and other eye abnormalities in these 2 families [5].

Psychiatry related information on Color Perception

• The Farnsworth D-15 Test, the Lanthony New Color Test, and the City University Color Vision Test were administered to 32 patients with AD (ranging in dementia severity from mild to severe) and 32 age-matched normal control subjects (NCS) [6].
• These results suggest that low exposure to styrene could affect some psychometric performance and may impair color vision [7].
• Generally, the T0-T2 difference in MA was associated (Spearman's Rho) with differences in color vision (p < 0.001), simple reaction time (mean and standard deviation), digit span forward, tension, fatigue and the number of symptoms (p < 0.05); aiming precision showed a similar tendency (p < 0.10) [8].

High impact information on Color Perception

• Homothorax increases rhabdomere size and uncouples R7-R8 communication to allow both cells to express the same opsin rather than different ones as required for color vision [9].
• Although the differences between the groups decreased with time, at six months the group that received intravenous methylprednisolone still had slightly better visual fields (P = 0.054), contrast sensitivity (P = 0.026), and color vision (P = 0.033) but not better visual acuity (P = 0.66) [10].
• Color vision is dependent upon the expression of spectrally distinct forms of rhodopsin in different photoreceptor cells [11].
• Impaired color vision in cocaine-withdrawn patients [12].
• Dopamine is found in high concentrations in the retina in which it plays an important role in color vision [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Color Perception

• Color vision deficiencies are a common sign of digoxin intoxication and color vision testing can be used to diagnose digoxin toxicity [13].
• In conclusion, ethambutol at a low dose can cause optic neuropathy, and for the early detection of this, a color vision test is important [14].
• A patient taking ibuprofen (Motrin) for the relief of osteoarthritis developed, after two months, decreased visual acuity and decreased color vision [15].
• A 68-year-old woman with ovarian cancer suffered a loss of visual acuity and color perception after inadvertent overdosage with the antineoplastic agent cisplatin [16].
• We describe 2 cases in which the prolonged use of linezolid to treat complicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections was followed by acutely developed blurred vision and progressive loss of vision and color perception during the ensuing few weeks [17].

Biological context of Color Perception

• The R/GCP region was also analyzed in 29 French and seven North American ALD patients by using six genomic DNA probes, isolated from a cosmid walk, that flank the color vision genes [1].
• In this paper, we report the transcriptional organization of a 450-kb gene cluster in Xq28, flanked by the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the color vision genes [18].
• This led us to propose that a single DNA rearrangement could underlie both ALD and abnormal color vision in these patients [1].
• High acuity, color vision in humans is initiated in cones by a receptor/G-protein-linked phototransduction cascade [19].
• Some of the vigabatrin patients also had reduced visual acuity and abnormal color vision [20].

Anatomical context of Color Perception

• In fish, Ethambutol induces color vision deficiencies similar to those observed in humans and affects color coding in retinal ganglion cells [21].

Associations of Color Perception with chemical compounds

• Retinopathy in patients presenting with less than 20/20 vision, abnormal color vision, and positive fluorescein angiography may progress even if treatment with the medication is discontinued [22].
• Abnormal color vision and reliable self-monitoring of blood glucose [23].
• Melatonin regulation in humans with color vision deficiencies [24].
• Patients treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine developed blue-yellow color vision deficiencies [25].
• In contrast, patients exposed to valproic acid or receiving no drug treatment showed normal color vision [25].

Gene context of Color Perception

• Toward a physical map of the Xq28 region in man: linking color vision, G6PD, and coagulation factor VIII genes to an X-Y homology region [26].
• RAD52 or RAD51 recombination-deficient yeast strains stabilize otherwise unstable YACs containing ribosomal DNA or the human color vision locus (Kohno et al., 1994) [27].
• The gene for the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM) has been shown to be located close to the color vision pigment genes in mouse and man [28].
• G6PD haplotypes spanning Xq28 from F8C to red/green color vision [29].
• In addition, systematic analysis of the chromophore-binding pocket in rhodopsin and cone pigments has led to an improved understanding of the mechanism of the opsin shift, and of particular molecular determinants underlying color vision in humans [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Color Perception

• METHODS: A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed in a 70-year-old patient, including best-corrected visual acuity measurement, slit lamp and fundus examination, fundus photographs, frequent fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographies, visual field testing, color vision analysis, electroretinogram, and electro-oculogram [31].
• METHODS: Three patients underwent fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, color vision testing, Goldmann visual field testing, full-field electroretinograms (ERGs), focal macular cone ERGs, and rod-cone perimetry, in addition to routine ophthalmologic examinations [32].
• Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were supplemented with fluorescein angiography, dark adaptometry, color vision, electroretinography, and electrooculography [33].
• Intervention study on acquired color vision deficiencies in styrene-exposed workers [34].
• Secondly we reviewed many epidemiological studies on the impairment of neurobehavioral function, i.e., perceptual speed, memory, cognition, personality and mood, and the loss of color vision among styrene workers [35].

References