Disease relevance of isocyanic acid

• Lens opacities induced in rat lenses by methyl isocyanate [1].
• Syndromes of immediate respiratory reactivity, delayed-onset sensitivity, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis have all been associated with isocyanate exposure [2].
• The purpose of this study was to find out whether hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a common disorder in isocyanate workers [3].
• Isocyanate-induced pulmonary diseases: a current perspective [4].
• The ratio of CD4 to CD8 in BAL lymphocytes was lowest in isocyanate-induced HP (mean 0.22) and tended to be high in farmer's lung and bird fancier's lung [5].

Psychiatry related information on isocyanic acid

• The analysis demonstrates the value of a model based approach to evaluate the cost effectiveness of surveillance programmes for isocyanate asthma, and to inform shared decision making among clinicians, patients, employers, and society [6].

High impact information on isocyanic acid

• Carcinogenicity and pulmonary pathology associated with a single 2-hour inhalation exposure of laboratory rodents to methyl isocyanate [7].
• This suggests that BCNU-induced, isocyanate-mediated damage to newly synthesized protein(s) may be responsible for activation of the heat shock transcription factor and increased transcription of the HSP90 and HSP70 genes [8].
• Our results indicate that (a) bifunctional alkylation is essential for antiglioma activity of nitrosoureas and (b) myelosuppression is at least partly linked with carbamoylation but that structural entities in the carbamoylating isocyanate rather than a quantitative degree of carbamoylation determine the degree of potential myelotoxicity [9].
• The reactions proceed via C-H bond activation, insertion of the isocyanate or the acetylene, intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization to the aldimine of the generated amido- or alkenyl-rhenium species, and reductive elimination [10].
• Removing unfavorable electrostatic interactions at the amino terminal end of 4 and adding one H-bond acceptor by acylation with alkyl isocyanate (4 --> 7) was found to reinforce the 2.5 helical population [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of isocyanic acid

• We conclude that bronchial hyperreactivity as evaluated by the methacholine challenge test is not closely related to isocyanate-induced bronchoconstriction and, therefore, the metacholine challenge is only of limited diagnostic value in patients with suspected isocyanate-induced asthma [12].
• The spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi s. l., present in mosquitoes were detected in mosquitoes with indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using rabbit anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies and goat anti-rabbit IgG marked with fluorescein isocyanate (FITC) [13].

Biological context of isocyanic acid

• CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to isocyanate vapors and aerosols induces typical hypersensitivity pneumonitis in at least 1% of the isocyanate workers with symptoms [3].
• We have studied the phenotype and activation status of leukocytes in the bronchial mucosa in patients with isocyanate-induced asthma [14].
• Antibody specificities for toluene diisocyanate-HSA, diphenylmethane diisocyanate-HSA, and hexamethylene diisocyanate-HSA were determined by inhibition studies with a variety of isocyanate haptenized carriers [15].
• The absolute configuration of the aglycon portion was determined after Glusulase hydrolysis by derivatization with (R)-(+)- or -(-)-alpha-methylbenzyl isocyanate and comparison of the HPLC retention volumes with those of derivatized reference (R)- and (S)-propranolols [16].
• We suggest a mechanism for the inactivation of subtilisin Carlsberg by N-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)alanylprolylphenylalanyl)-O-benzoylhydr oxylamine whereby a negatively charged Michaelis complex undergoes a Lossen rearrangement giving rise to an isocyanate intermediate that reacts with the side chain of the active site serine [17].

Anatomical context of isocyanic acid

• Further characterization and evaluation of HDI-conjugated epithelial cell proteins will elucidate their potential role in the pathogenesis of isocyanate-induced asthma [18].
• Activated T-lymphocytes and eosinophils in the bronchial mucosa in isocyanate-induced asthma [14].
• The stereochemistry of the NNAL formed in incubations of NNK with human cervical cells and subcellular fractions was determined by derivatization with (S)-(-)-methylbenzyl isocyanate [19].
• Oligomers with pendant isocyanate groups as adhesives for dentin and other tissues [20].
• Etiologic studies review the largely successful development of knowledge for lung cancer and asbestos exposure for pulmonary effects of isocyanate exposures [21].

Associations of isocyanic acid with other chemical compounds

• OBJECTIVES: It is still unclear whether antibodies to diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), which are elicited in some subjects with these conditions, are specific for this type of isocyanate [22].
• HDI-conjugated epithelial cell proteins specifically stimulated proliferation of PBMCs from subjects with isocyanate-induced asthma but not HDI-exposed nonasthmatic individuals or atopic subjects with nonisocyanate-related asthma [18].
• Reaction kinetics were analyzed by selected reaction monitoring in LC-MS-MS using stable isotope tagging with phenyl isocyanate [23].
• In the case of the present study, the prodrugs are 2-hydroxycarbamates for which the propinquity of the hydroxyl residue and the isocyanate group enforces a cyclization reaction [24].
• This nitrophenol release probably involves cyclization to an oxadiazolone since 17 (R = CH3, X = OC6H4NO2-p), which cannot form an isocyanate, releases nitrophenol almost as rapidly (kobs = 0.028 min-1) [25].

Gene context of isocyanic acid

• In summary, the cytokines studied are not detectable in peripheral blood during isocyanate inhalation challenge; soluble interleukin 2 receptor and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 are both detectable but do not change significantly after a positive isocyanate challenge [26].
• Immunologic aspects of isocyanate asthma: IL-1 beta, IL-3, IL-4, sIL2R, and sICAM-1 [26].
• No significant differences were observed in the numbers of T-lymphocyte phenotypic markers (CD3, CD4, and CD8) between subjects with asthma (isocyanate-induced and extrinsic) and control subjects [14].
• RESULTS: Most confirmed reports of OAD are cases of sensitizer induced occupational asthma (625 confirmed cases) followed by COPD in coal miners (414 cases), irritant induced occupational asthma (156 cases), and isocyanate asthma (54 cases) [27].
• The sera of 62/65 workers referred for specific inhalation challenges with isocyanates were analyzed for the presence of specific antibodies to the relevant isocyanate [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of isocyanic acid

• Bovine alpha-crystallins were incubated with isocyanate and separated into alpha A- and alpha B-crystallins by reversed-phase HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) [29].
• Products of the reaction of isocyanate with alpha-crystallins were analyzed by mass spectrometry and isoelectric focusing [29].
• A novel immunoenzymatic method for the determination of global isocyanate antibodies: comparison with ELISA [30].
• In 16 subjects suspected of having isocyanate-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis, chest x-ray films were made; levels of IgE and IgG antibodies to isocyanate-human serum albumin were estimated; conjugates and isocyanate challenge tests, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analyses, and/or lung histologic investigations were performed [3].
• Detection of immunologically sensitized isocyanate workers by RAST and intracutaneous skin tests [31].

References