Disease relevance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

• Since the nicotinamide ring must also be near this site, it appears that the DPN may not be in an extended conformation when it is bound at the active site of UDP-galactose 4-epimerase from Escherichia coli [1].
• A coupled microsomal-activating/embryo culture system: toxicity of reduced beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) [2].
• When a conventional whole-cell patch was made with a patch-pipette containing 1 microg/ml of pertussis toxin together with 1 mM of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, I(DAMGO) gradually declined to about 41% of its initial amplitude [3].
• Ultraviolet hypersensitivity of Cockayne syndrome lymphoblastoid lines--the effects of exogenous beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [4].
• Benign tumours manifested variable results, thus cellular fibromyoma showed no changes in the activity of succinic dehydrogenase, diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase and cytochrome oxidase whereas fibromyomal cells exhibited less enzymatic activity [5].

High impact information on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

• In response to high levels of DNA damage, catalytic activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) triggers necrotic death because of rapid consumption of its substrate beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and consequent depletion of ATP [6].
• Excessive activation of PARP-1 by cellular insults depletes its substrate beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and ATP, leading to cell death [7].
• Here, we show that PARP activation reaction in vitro becomes acidic with release of protons during hydrolysis of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [6].
• Overactivation of PARP after cellular insults can lead to cell death caused by depletion of the enzyme's substrate beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and of ATP [8].
• Release of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide upon stimulation of postganglionic nerve terminals in blood vessels and urinary bladder [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

• Cytoprotection of pyruvic acid and reduced beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide against hydrogen peroxide toxicity in neuroblastoma cells [10].

Biological context of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

• Nicotinamide, a beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor and an essential nutrient for cell growth and function, may offer critical insights into the specific cellular mechanisms that determine neuronal survival, since this agent significantly impacts upon both neuronal and vascular integrity in the central nervous system [11].
• In order to address potential metabolic responses, more general markers such as the overall energy state (ATP/ADP ratio), the redox charge of the diphosphopyridine nucleotide system (NADH/NAD ratio), and the pool size of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru 2,6 bisp), a regulator of the balance between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, were determined [12].
• Impact of sperm morphology on DNA damage caused by oxidative stress induced by beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [13].
• Simultaneous addition of a spray-dried preparation of Oren-gedoku-to extract (Tsumura TJ-15) inhibited enzymatic lipid peroxidation induced by reduced beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and ADP/Fe3+ complex in liver microsomes in a dose-dependent manner [14].
• It has been shown that larval LDH incubated with beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits two additional minor bands with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the minor bands of both pupae and adults [15].

Anatomical context of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

• Calculation of the ratio of the oxidized to reduced form of diphosphopyridine nucleotide indicated a fall of the ratio in the cytoplasm and a rise in the mitochondria [16].
• Rat liver cytosol, in the presence of NAD+, oxidized NHPPA to NOPPA at a rate of 13.7 +/- 3.0 pmol/min/mg protein while microsomes from NT rats catalyzed this reaction at 95.6 +/- 16.5 pmol/min/mg protein [17].
• Here we report the novel finding that the enzymatic activity of PARP-1 promotes, in an beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent fashion, the DNA binding of NF-kappaB in microglia exposed to lipopolysaccharides, interferon-gamma or beta-amyloid 1-40 [18].
• Succinic dehydrogenase and diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase activities, representing mitochondrial enzymes, were limited to the perinuclear or pericanalicular cytoplasm of swollen hepatocytes. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity was increased [19].
• Using high-performance liquid chromatography techniques with fluorescence and electrochemical detection, we found that beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) is released in response to electrical field stimulation (4-16 Hz, 0.3 ms, 15 V, 120 s) along with ATP and norepinephrine (NE) in the canine isolated mesenteric arteries [20].

Associations of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with other chemical compounds

• When UDP-galactose 4-epimerase is inactivated by p-(bromoacetamido)phenyl uridyl pyrophosphate (BUP), the diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) associated with this enzyme as a tightly bound coenzyme cannot be reduced by substrates or by UMP-activated reduction by glucose [1].
• The actions of the adenine dinucleotides beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) were examined on the carbachol-contracted taenia coli of the guinea-pig [21].
• CD38 is a multifunctional enzyme involved in the degradation of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to ADP-ribose and cyclic ADP-ribose [22].
• OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of DNA damage induced by beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in human spermatozoa [13].
• UDCA and its conjugates were determined in the extracted sample by an equilibrium method based on the enzymatic conversion of the 7 alpha-hydroxy group into 7-oxo group by beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in the presence of 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7 beta-HSD) and the produced NADPH was monitored fluorometrically [23].

Gene context of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

• Therefore, the beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/CD38 system may provide new mechanisms in autonomic neurovascular control [22].
• In a parallel anatomical study, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent diaphorase staining was used to reveal the enzyme nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelium and neurons in slices [24].
• Activities of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, and diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase were weak, although glycogen was abundant. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity was scanty in these hepatocytes [19].
• Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemistry and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence were performed on whole-mount preparations of myenteric plexus and mesenteric nerves [25].
• Histochemical staining of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in fresh-frozen muscle tissue may be performed using a beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) reduced-dehydrogenase tetrazolium-reductase linked reaction [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

• Characterization of a long-wavelength feature in the absorption and circular dichroism spectra of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Evidence for a charge transfer transition [27].
• Among the complexes tested, attention was paid especially to the complex of Crm with beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which accompanies one of two Cr complexes in yeast extract during the HPLC separation [28].

References