Disease relevance of CALB2

• The potentially shared calretinin patterns in SS and mesothelioma require the use of other markers [1].
• Calretinin expression was common in giant cell carcinomas (67%), small cell carcinomas (49%), and large cell carcinomas (38%), whereas it was rare in usual adenocarcinomas but slightly more common in those with neuroendocrine differentiation (11% and 17%, respectively) [2].
• Among the other sarcomas, two of 15 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors were focally calretinin positive, whereas 16 epithelioid sarcomas, 20 leiomyosarcomas, 20 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and 20 angiosarcomas were negative [1].
• Calretinin and other mesothelioma markers in synovial sarcoma: analysis of antigenic similarities and differences with malignant mesothelioma [1].
• CONCLUSION: Calretinin, CK5/6 and BerEP4 appear the most useful antibodies in helping to distinguish between renal cell carcinomas and mesotheliomas, although BerEP4 was not particularly sensitive for renal cell carcinomas [3].

Psychiatry related information on CALB2

• In addition, four brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease were immunostained for calretinin [4].
• We further demonstrated the selective sparing of the medium-sized, but not all the large-sized, CR+ striatal neurons in Huntington's disease [5].
• In the present study, the relative densities of cells immunoreactive for the CBPs parvalbumnin (PV) and calretinin (CR) were determined in hippocampal tissue sections taken from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression and from matched control subjects (15 per group) [6].

High impact information on CALB2

• Calretinin modifies presynaptic calcium signaling in frog saccular hair cells [7].
• Based on antibody affinity and molecular weight, we identified this protein as calretinin [7].
• CONCLUSIONS: Circular muscle motor neurons and myenteric interneurons with TK, VIP, and calretinin immunoreactivity in the human colon have distinct projections and polarity [8].
• Calretinin immunoreactivity was present in 23% of neurons projecting anally and 3% projecting orally within the myenteric plexus [8].
• In nerve processes, calretinin was generally more abundant than calbindin and was found particularly around blood vessels [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of CALB2

• Here, we examined neuropathological changes in the eight entorhinal subfields in post mortem Alzheimer's disease subjects using Thionin and Bielschowsky stains and parvalbumin, calretinin and calbindin-D28k immunohistochemistry [10].
• METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was carried out on histologic slides from a first retrospective series of 29 nonmetastatic and 10 metastatic medulloblastoma formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, using specific antibodies against calbindin-D(28k), calretinin, alpha-parvalbumin and beta-parvalbumin, and S100 proteins [11].
• It is concluded that in routine practice, the application of carrier-immobilized GM1, hyaluronic acid, and antibodies against calretinin and HBME-1 is useful for confirmation of mesothelioma, whereas the detection of CEA and GlcNAc-specific binding sites is useful for distinguishing metastatic carcinoma from mesothelioma [12].
• In conjunction with calretinin and Ber-EP4, estrogen and progesterone receptors are useful discriminatory markers for distinguishing peritoneal mesothelioma from primary or metastatic serous carcinoma [13].
• Sparing of striatal neurons coexpressing calretinin and substance P (NK1) receptor in Huntington's disease [14].

Biological context of CALB2

• Most importantly, the comparison of CR and Calb domain organizations questions the value of homologous modeling of EF-hand proteins, and perhaps of other protein families [15].
• Peak cell densities occurred in layer 2/upper layer 3 for CR+ neurons and in upper to midlayer 3 for CB+ cells [16].
• Using antibodies directed against chick intestinal calbindin D28k, human calretinin cDNA clones were isolated from brain cDNA libraries [17].
• In contrast, calretinin positive cells were not detected until 21 weeks of gestation and the immunoreactivity increased as the cerebellum became more mature [18].
• We analyzed the distribution and typology of classes of neurons containing neurofilament protein or the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin in six neocortical regions of the dog [19].

Anatomical context of CALB2

• These results indicate that different subpopulations of CR interneurons exist that are specialized for selective innervation of somatic or dendritic regions of certain pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons [20].
• The SMI32 antibodies (directed against the nonphosphorylated epitope) specifically labeled the CR cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal axons in a Golgilike fashion [21].
• Calretinin immunoreactive structures in the human hippocampal formation [22].
• In the present study, neurofilament protein, and the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin were used as neurochemical markers to study the differences among areas and subareas in the distributions of particular cell types or neuropil staining patterns [23].
• Distinct bands of darkly stained calretinin-positive fibers occupied the innermost portion of the dentate molecular layer and the pyramidal cell layer of CA2 [22].

Associations of CALB2 with chemical compounds

• Colocalization of calbindin D-28k, calretinin, and GABA immunoreactivities in neurons of the human temporal cortex [24].
• By contrast, the core was weakly stained for SP and CR and moderately stained for LAMP and CB [25].
• The medium and large CR+ neurons are enriched with glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 and GluR4, respectively [26].
• Calretinin (CR) is a Ca(2+)-binding protein (CaBP) of the EF-hand family expressed in a cell-type-specific manner and thought to act as a Ca(2+) buffer [27].
• Nine calbindin-, 15 calretinin- and 10 parvalbumin-containing cells were modelled incorporating the detailed geometry, the currents of the action potentials in the soma, and the AMPA, N-methyl-D-aspartate and GABA-B receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents in the dendrites [28].

Physical interactions of CALB2

• Nevertheless, the calretinin-like immunostaining pattern in the teleost optic tectum was more complex than that previously described for calbindin D-28k [29].

Regulatory relationships of CALB2

• In the present immunohistochemical study, we compared the distribution and relative density of the calretinin-expressing interneurons in the striata of four normal individuals and four patients with HD (grade 1 to 3) [30].
• Twenty-three of the tumors expressed WT1 protein and the same number expressed calretinin, another marker of mesothelial differentiation [31].
• Calretinin-positive pineal cells could readily be visualized from the day of birth (P0) onwards and coexpressed the intermediate filament (IF) protein vimentin [32].

Other interactions of CALB2

• However, the degree of colocalization of CalB with CalR was low (between 4% and 6%) [24].
• Compared to normal cortex, the density of PV- and CB-immunoreactive interneurons was reduced in the perilesional cortex of GG patients, whereas CR-labeling was similar to that observed in normal cortex [33].
• Cytokeratin and calretinin have the most value in differentiating sarcomatoid mesothelioma from sarcoma [34].
• Thrombomodulin and calretinin may be important diagnostic aids for cardiac myxoma [35].
• This suggests a common duplication o the calbindin/calretinin and the carbonic anhydrase ancestral genes [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of CALB2

• In the present study, calretinin-containing neurons were visualized using immunocytochemistry in the human hippocampal formation of individuals which showed no significant neuropathological alterations [22].
• In neither of these areas was there a significant difference between Alzheimer and control groups in the mean number of PV, CR, or CB immunoreactive neuronal profiles, counted in a cortical column going from pia to white matter [37].
• Antisera have been raised against beta-galactosidase-calretinin fusion proteins, and used to compare the distribution of calretinin with that of calbindin by two-colour immunofluorescence [38].
• With double immunofluorescence stainings and immunoprecipitation experiments, we show close association of CR with intermediate filaments or microtubules in WiDr cells [27].
• Recognizing the immunohistochemical patterns of calretinin and other mesothelioma-related markers in thymic carcinoma and thymoma may be helpful in avoiding confusion with malignant mesothelioma and pulmonary carcinoma, both of which are major differential diagnoses in this location [39].

References