Disease relevance of Insemination, Artificial, Homologous

• In 14-18% of amiodarone-treated patients, there is overt thyroid dysfunction, either amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) or amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH) [1].
• This multicenter study investigated the specificity of anti-ASGPR autoantibodies for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in different ethnic groups [2].
• Furthermore we detected a significant association of the Fok polymorphims in AIH patients in comparison to controls (chi(2) = 9.71, P =.008) indicating a genetic link of VDR polymorphisms to autoimmune liver diseases such as PBC and AIH in German patients [3].
• The association of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is thought to be rare, and its optimal treatment is unknown [4].
• For example, LKM-1 autoantibodies, which are directed against P450 2D6, seem to overlap between AIH and chronic hepatitis C [5].

Psychiatry related information on Insemination, Artificial, Homologous

• In a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we considered the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in view of raised serum aminotransferases, hypergammaglobulinaemia, antinuclear antibodies (titre 1:10,240), seronegativity of markers for viral hepatitis and absence of recent hepatotoxic drug usage [6].

High impact information on Insemination, Artificial, Homologous

• Treatment of AIH consists of L-T(4) replacement while continuing amiodarone therapy; alternatively, if feasible, amiodarone can be discontinued, especially in the absence of thyroid abnormalities, and the natural course toward euthyroidism can be accelerated by a short course of potassium perchlorate treatment [1].
• Reactive proteins were detected by immunoblotting with sera from 118 individuals (UC, 25; PSC, 28; AIH, 35; disease and normal controls, 30) [7].
• CONCLUSIONS: Glutathione S-transferase subunit proteins represent the major autoantigen in anti-SLA-positive AIH [8].
• RESULTS: The highest frequency (76%) of anti-human ASGPR was found in AIH patients (11/24 U.S.; 21/25 European; 28/30 Japanese), particularly in those with active disease before treatment (53/62, 85%), and decreased in titer with response to immunosuppressive therapy [2].
• The level of FoxP3-expressing Tregs was markedly lower in affected PBC portal tracts compared with CHC and AIH (P < .001) [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Insemination, Artificial, Homologous

• Corticosteroids alone or in conjunction with azathioprine is the treatment of choice in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and results in remission induction in over 80% of patients [10].
• BACKGROUND/AIMS: Whether primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)-autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) overlap syndrome requires immunosuppressive therapy in addition to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a controversial issue [11].
• Recognition of the possibility of AIH in zone 3 hepatitis will lead to prompt steroid therapy and may avert cirrhosis [12].
• To assess the plasticity of 5HT2 serotonin receptors in this condition, we investigated receptor binding by the platelet membrane in patients with analgesic-induced headache (AIH), migraine and non-headache controls [13].
• Autoimmune hepatitis is subdivided into two major types: AIH type 1 is characterized by the detection of ANA, SMA, ANCA, anti-ASGP-R, and anti-SLA/LP [14].

Biological context of Insemination, Artificial, Homologous

• IgM and IgG fractions isolated from PSC but not PBC and AIH sera induced significantly increased expression of the cell adhesion molecule CD44 [15].
• Azathioprine has been used for many years, with corticosteroids or alone, for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) but no studies of TPMT phenotype and genotype in relation to response to the drug in AIH have been published [16].
• METHODS: Retrospective chart review of consecutive CD and AIH patients who were initiated on azathioprine in our inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and hepatology centers was performed [17].
• Reverse transcription PCR analysis of 63 liver biopsy samples with various liver diseases revealed that IP-10 expression was significantly higher in AIH (p = 0.025) and chronic hepatitis C (p = 0.0043) than in other liver diseases [18].
• Analysis of nine AIH patients who had the HLA DR4 haplotype showed clonal expansion in all samples [19].

Anatomical context of Insemination, Artificial, Homologous

• Autoantibodies to soluble liver antigen and liver pancreas (SLA/LP) have been described as specific markers for Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH), occurring in about 20% of patients with AIH [20].
• CONCLUSIONS: AIH and HCV related LKM1 recognise CYP2D6 exposed on the plasma membrane of isolated hepatocytes [21].
• Impaired proliferative or functional capacity of liver derived T cells was not observed in either PBC or AIH patients [22].
• We studied 32 sera from patients with AIH type-I and prepared extracts of human neutrophils to identify the target antigen(s) [23].
• Sixteen of 18 patients with AIH and 13 of 20 with PBC had no or minimal bile duct injury [24].

Associations of Insemination, Artificial, Homologous with chemical compounds

• Both cases had had changes in their immunosuppressive therapy before the onset of AIH episodes, and both rapidly responded to reinstitution of steroid therapy [25].
• Their biochemical, immunologic, and histologic responses to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) versus placebo were compared with those without AIH features [26].
• The anti-UGT-positive sera from AIH type 2 patients revealed the strongest immunoreactivity against UGT1A1, the main UGT-isoform involved in the bilirubin glucuronidation [27].
• When a decreased thyrotropin (TSH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone occurred (in the absence of AIT), continuation of amiodarone medication was associated with a normalization of the TSH response in eight of 11 cases (73%); in contrast, an increased TSH response (in the absence of AIH) returned to normal in one of four cases (25%) [28].
• CONCLUSIONS: TPMT phenotyping or genotyping may be advisable before institution of azathioprine therapy in AIH but neither approach invariably predicts response to the drug [16].

Gene context of Insemination, Artificial, Homologous

• To summarize, we show the subtype preference of antibodies against UGT1A1 in a subgroup of AIH type 2 patients [27].
• Few investigators, however, have examined the HLA C locus in AIH, which warrants detailed study in view of its recently described roles in immunoregulation [29].
• In contrast, the serum from the HCV-patient reacted predominately with UGT1A6, and moreover, the immunoreactivity pattern was different from that of the AIH group [27].
• In contrast, reactivity to prokaryotically expressed CYP2D6 protein and synthetic peptides is significantly lower in HCV infection than in AIH [30].
• In AIH, Treg FOXP3 expression is lower than in normal subjects [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Insemination, Artificial, Homologous

• Of 17 CYP2D6(193-212)-reactive sera, 11 (7 AIH and 4 HCV) reacted by ELISA with the HCV homologue, 8 (5 AIH and 3 HCV) with the CMV homologue, and 8 (5 AIH and 3 HCV) showed double reactivity [32].
• Analysis showed a reduced frequency of the variant t allele in the IL-4 promoter polymorphism (position 590) in patients with GD and in the entire patient group (GD and AIH) compared with the control group [corrected P (Pc) = 0.00004 and Pc < 0.00001 for GD and all patients, respectively] [33].
• On the other hand, HLA typing of patients with AIH type 2 disclosed a significant increase in the DRB1*07 (68% vs 20% of controls, p(c) < 0.00014), DRB4 (79% vs 43% of controls, p(c) = 0.004), and DQB1*02 (86% vs 42%, p = 0.00002) alleles [34].
• To clarify this issue, we have studied by phage plaque assay and Western blot the reactivity to recombinant CYP2D6, isolated from a human liver cDNA library, in 55 patients with LKM-1, 18 (14 females, median age 12 years) anti-HCV-negative, with classical AIH, and 37 (27 females, median age 52 years) anti-HCV-positive [35].
• A total of 345 couples with non-tubal infertility on an IVF waiting list underwent 702 treatment cycles involving daily intrauterine inseminations of husband's washed spermatozoa (AIH) over 3 days of the periovulatory period, following ovarian stimulation [36].

References