Disease relevance of Chromaffin Granules

• Human proenkephalin generated by means of a recombinant vaccinia virus expression vector was used as the substrate for a putative processing enzyme obtained from bovine adrenal chromaffin granules [1].
• These results are consistent with the hypothesis that monensin causes the release of norepinephrine from chromaffin granules into the cytoplasm of pheochromocytoma cells and that the increase in cytoplasmic norepinephrine inhibits tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity [2].
• We now report that protein from chromaffin granules, which release their contents by exocytosis, promotes survival and uptake of 3H-DA of mesencephalic DAergic neurons in vitro and protect against N-methylpyridinium ion toxicity [3].
• These results indicate that authentic substance P is present in carcinoids and pheochromocytomas and that in the latter it is most likely stored in chromaffin granules [4].
• The percentage of chromaffin granules which appeared to contain TH was lower in animals subjected to ECS plus decapitation as compared with anesthetized animals [5].

High impact information on Chromaffin Granules

• Dopamine beta-hydroxylase of adrenal chromaffin granules: structure and function [6].
• Carboxypeptidase E (enkephalin convertase) was first identified as the carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of enkephalin in bovine adrenal chromaffin granules [7].
• However, we find that antagonism of calmodulin by trifluoperazine does not prevent the association of the other cytosolic proteins with the chromaffin granule membrane [8].
• Here we report that two-dimensional peptide maps of the clathrin light chains and of all chromaffin granule membrane binding proteins in the 30K range are distinct, and therefore fail to support this hypothesis [8].
• Isolated chromaffin granules incubated in 10 millimolar calcium chloride aggregated, forming contact sites with a pentalaminar membrane structure [9].

Biological context of Chromaffin Granules

• These results suggest a coupled relationship between CHGA-mediated chromaffin granule biogenesis, necessary for catecholamine storage, and catestatin-induced inhibition of cholinergic-stimulated catecholamine release, which regulates autonomic control of blood pressure [10].
• Exocytosis was detected by the appearance of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase of the chromaffin granule membrane in the oocyte plasma membrane [11].
• Binding sites were present in extracts of medulla but not in corticoadrenal extracts; in the medulla they were restricted to chromaffin granule membranes, [2-3H]Dihydrotetrabenazine binding occurred on the catecholamine carrier of the chromaffin granule membrane because it was clearly correlated with inhibition of norepinephrine uptake [12].
• Most cells in the adrenal medulla of Mash1(-/-) mice do not contain chromaffin granules, display a very immature, neuroblast-like phenotype, and, unlike wild-type adrenal chromaffin cells, show prolonged expression of neurofilament and Ret comparable with that observed in wild-type sympathetic ganglia [13].
• Ascorbic acid regeneration in chromaffin granules. In situ kinetics [14].

Anatomical context of Chromaffin Granules

• This motif, present in cysteine string proteins found on synaptic vesicles, pancreatic zymogen granules, and chromaffin granules, suggests GAIP's possible involvement in membrane trafficking [15].
• CoASSG is found in chromaffin granules of adrenal glands and is released from adrenal medulla slices by carbachol [16].
• The overall staining pattern or intensity was minimally altered after stimulation, although dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) antigen, a marker for the chromaffin granule membrane, was exposed preferentially on the plasma membrane areas with lower intensity of rhodamine-phalloidin staining [17].
• In chromaffin cells, the mammalian Sec1p homologue is a syntaxin 1A-binding protein associated with chromaffin granules [18].
• Stimulated cosecretion of endopin 1 with chromaffin granule components, [Met]enkephalin and a cysteine protease known as "prohormone thiol protease," demonstrated localization of endopin 1 to functional secretory vesicles [19].

Associations of Chromaffin Granules with chemical compounds

• In accordance with these results, PtdIns 4-kinase activity was found in protein extracts of permeabilized cells as well as associated with purified chromaffin granules, sensitive in both cases to PAO [20].
• It is known that permeant anions are required for the release of epinephrine from isolated chromaffin granules and of serotonin from intact platelets [21].
• Secretion of serotonin could occur as a consequence of OH- transport and osmotic lysis of the granule-plasma membrane complex, analogous to the chemiosmotic mechanism of chloride-dependent epinephrine release from isolated chromaffin granules [22].
• These drugs have previously been shown to inhibit ATP-evoked release of epinephrine from isolated chromaffin granules by blocking chloride uptake and subsequent osmotic lysis [22].
• We have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding the DCCD-binding protein (proteolipid) of the H+-ATPase of bovine chromaffin granules [23].

Gene context of Chromaffin Granules

• Additionally, synexin forms a complex with sorcin and recruits this protein to chromaffin granule membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner [24].
• YCL005W-A encodes a homolog of proteins associated with the Manduca sexta and bovine chromaffin granule V-ATPase [25].
• The yeast plasma membrane contains two P-type ATPases, Dnf1p and Dnf2p, with structural similarity to ATPase II, a candidate aminophospholipid translocase from bovine chromaffin granules [26].
• Ultrastructurally, adrenal chromaffin cells of c-Ret(-/-) mice appear unaltered: chromaffin cells develop typical secretory chromaffin granules, the morphological hallmark of chromaffin cells, and synaptic terminals appear normal [27].
• C-terminal processing of CgB was also confirmed by amino acid sequencing of SDS-PAGE-separated, polyvinylidene difluoride membrane-immobilized CgB fragments from pheochromocytoma chromaffin granules [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Chromaffin Granules

• Recombinant syntaxin 1A has been used in an affinity chromatography assay to isolate syntaxin receptor proteins of the chromaffin granules [18].
• Ascorbic acid requirements for norepinephrine biosynthesis were investigated in intact bovine chromaffin granules using the physiologic substrate dopamine and a novel coulometric electrochemical detection high pressure liquid chromatography system for ascorbic acid [29].
• Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to purify GpH from an insoluble fraction obtained following extraction of chromaffin granule membranes with lithium diiodosalicylate [30].
• Subsequent immunoblotting and 125I-Protein A binding experiments performed on the fractions obtained from sucrose gradients showed that 65-CMBP was present in fractions corresponding to granule membranes and intact chromaffin granules [31].
• Reconstitution and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that SNAP-25 on chromaffin granules has essentially the same properties as does SNAP-25 on the plasma membrane [32].

References