Disease relevance of Exhalation

• At severe liver siderosis, breath ethane exhalation reached a maximum of approximately 8 nmol/kg/hr independent of VitE supplementation [1].
• KICA breath tests revealed no differences in either peak exhalation or the area under the curve from 0 to 60 minutes between healthy controls (3.0% and 19.3%), untreated patients with chronic hepatitis B (3.4% and 19.3%), and patients treated with lamivudine (3.1% and 20.6%) [2].
• The fractional exhalation of (13)CO(2) increased with increasing L-leucine dose, but showed an inflexion point at approximately 8.9 g/kg body weight, after which it reached a plateau [3].
• In rats FeNTA also increased ethane exhalation and MDA, but the rat was less susceptible than the mouse to FeNTA toxicity [4].
• METHODS: Triglyceride oxidation in patients with cystic fibrosis was investigated after administration of different 13C-labeled triglycerides by comparing 13CO2 breath exhalation [5].

Psychiatry related information on Exhalation

• Carbon dioxide exhalation temporarily increases during electroconvulsive therapy [6].
• Carbon dioxide exhalation during an electrically induced seizure was continuously monitored by capnography and spirography in 15 patients with endogenous depression [6].

High impact information on Exhalation

• Inspired submicrometric sulfuric acid aerosol at a mass concentration of 600 +/- 100 micrograms per cubic meter was found to be an ammonium salt with an average ammonium to sulfate molar ratio of greater than or equal to 1, when sampled within 0.5 second after exhalation [7].
• Cytochrome P450 2E1, mitochondrial generation of peroxides, thiobarbituric acid reactants, and ethane exhalation were increased [8].
• The protective effect does not appear to be mediated through changes in excretion or distribution because exhalation of CCl4 was not increased, and hepatic CCl4 concentration was not decreased by hyperbaric O2 [9].
• MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Wheezing was present on maximal forced exhalation in 8 of 14 patients with a positive methacholine challenge test (sensitivity = 57%) and absent in 11 of 30 patients with a negative test (specificity = 37%) [10].
• Although exhalation of mercury vapor was a major route of excretion and urinary mercury rose fivefold with administration of penicillamine, excretion by all routes, estimated for the year after injection, represented only 1% of the dose [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Exhalation

• The single breath diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dsb) was measured using three equations to describe CO uptake separately during inhalation, breath holding, and exhalation in 24 patients with cystic fibrosis and 30 control subjects with similar age and height distributions [12].
• Methylmercury stimulates the exhalation of volatile selenium and potentiates the toxicity of selenite [13].
• Long-term administration of N-acetylcysteine decreases hydrogen peroxide exhalation in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [14].
• Tetrachloromethane metabolism in vivo under normoxia and hypoxia. Biochemical and histopathological effects relative to alkane exhalation [15].
• Ethane exhalation was significantly increased (p < 0.002) in cerulein (n = 12)- but not in taurocholate (n = 6)-induced pancreatitis compared to controls (n = 12 and 6, respectively) [16].

Biological context of Exhalation

• Increased ethane exhalation, an in vivo index of lipid peroxidation, in alcohol-abusers [17].
• PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-one adults presenting with severe asthma exacerbations (forced expiratory volumes in the first second of exhalation [FEV1] <40% of predicted) to the emergency department were randomized (double-blind) to receive hourly inhaled nebulization treatment with either isoetharine (5 mg) or albuterol (2.5 mg) [18].
• The cumulative exhalation of 14CO2 increased with decreasing rate of acetylation of isoniazid, such that slow acetylators generated more 14CO2 than rapid acetylators [19].
• The largest increases in exhalation rate of 13CO2 were observed in the poor metabolizers and the intermediate metabolizers (range, 12.8% to 62.9%; median, 38.9%); median area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) of omeprazole was four times higher than in the extensive metabolizers [20].
• Residual whole-body L-leucine oxidation was estimated on the basis of the 3-h kinetics of (13)CO(2) exhalation and (13)C-isotopic enrichment in plasma 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate using a noncompartmental mathematical approach [21].

Anatomical context of Exhalation

• Peak 14CO2 exhalation revealed a linear correlation with oxidative metabolism of palmitoylcarnitine in isolated mitochondria [22].
• Three hours after TCE administration, MDA content in the kidney cortex and ethane exhalation increased in a dose-dependent manner only under a 10% oxygen atmosphere [23].
• The linear relation between a dose of 20-50 g Palatinit and exhalation of H2 (eventually plus methane) indicated that a relatively constant fraction of the dose given underwent cleavage and absorption in the small intestine, the remainder being transported into the large bowel [24].
• Lung nitric oxide (NO) generation was assessed by on-line monitoring of NO exhalation (chemiluminescence), and the efficacy of DPI and apocynin on the NADPH oxidase-dependent O2- generation was quantified in alveolar macrophages by fluorescent-activated cell sorter technique [25].

Associations of Exhalation with chemical compounds

• Parameters of 14CO2 exhalation including peak exhalation rate, cumulative exhalation from 0 to 120 min and the elimination rate constant were all impaired in glutathione-depleted rats [26].
• The exhalation of 14CO2 after the administration of [dimethylamino-14C]aminopyrine to an organism is assumed to reflect the demethylation of aminopyrine by hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity [27].
• Reduction of hepatic tetrahydrofolate and inhibition of exhalation of 14CO2 formed from [dimethylamino-14C]aminopyrine in nitrous oxide-treated rats [27].
• In vivo, administration of tetracycline, 0.25 or 1 mmole per kg, inhibited by 53 and 84%, respectively, the exhalation of [14C]CO2 during the first 3 hours following the administration of a tracer dose of [U-14C]palmitic acid [28].
• Even at threshold doses of glutamate, exhalation was incomplete, resulting in a breathing pattern that resembled apneusis (an inspiratory cramp) [29].

Gene context of Exhalation

• Pharmacokinetic modeling of (14)CO(2) exhalation data revealed that CYP2E1 is responsible for approximately 96% of urethane metabolism to CO(2) in wild-type mice [30].
• With acarbose, sucrose reached the colon approximately 120 min after ingestion, as indicated by an increment in breath hydrogen exhalation (p < 0.0001), and GLP-1 release was prolonged (p < 0.0001) [31].
• In conclusion, strategies to reduce TI,vent in patients with COPD caused tachypnea, yet prolonged the time for exhalation with consequent decrease in PEEP(i) [32].
• In contrast, C(NO,plat) for healthy control subjects and patients with CF are not statistically different at both exhalation flow rates of 50 ml/s (17.5 +/- 11.5 and 11.5 +/- 8.97) and at 250 ml/s (7.11 +/- 5.36 and 4.28 +/- 3.43) [33].
• In contrast to this result the exhalation of 14CO2 does not seem to be influenced by the esterase inhibiting effect of DSF [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Exhalation

• The maximal rates of metabolic oxidation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodimethylamine-d6 (NDMA-d6) in vivo (VH and VD, respectively) have been measured by following 14CO2 exhalation in rats after intraperitoneal injection of the two 14C-labelled carcinogens at high doses (20 or 40 mg/kg) [35].
• After oral administration of C-methionine, CO2 exhalation was determined by infrared spectroscopy [36].
• At the low selenite dose level, exhalation of 75Se over a 24 hr period is about fourfold greater after treatment with 24 mumol kg-1 methylmercury than that (approximately 0.75% of the dose) in the controls, but excretion by other routes (urine, faeces) and the liver and kidney contents of 75Se are not affected significantly [37].
• To study rest and exercise pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc) and diffusing capacity (DLexh) assessed by the rapid analysis of methane, acetylene, and carbon monoxide during a single, slow exhalation, we evaluated 36 subjects during first-pass radionuclide angiography (RNA) [38].
• A reservoir nasal cannula which stores oxygen during exhalation and delivers it as a bolus during inhalation has been reported to conserve oxygen delivery in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at rest [39].

References