Disease relevance of Reference Standards

• If the high sensitivity and specificity of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for urinary methylmalonic acid is supported by other clinical studies, the methylmalonic acid assay may become the reference standard for the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency [1].
• The reference standard was partially purified POMC from culture medium of human corticotroph adenoma cells [2].
• Antiviral evaluation of these compounds revealed a very potent antiherpetic activity associated with the Northern thymidine analogue 2, which was more powerful than the reference standard acyclovir against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 [3].
• In vivo, the 3-F derivative was more potent than the reference standards in reversing clonidine-induced mydriasis [4].
• The MIC of NY-198 against 15 standard reference strains of Legionella of various species, between 0.03 and 0.125 micrograms/ml, was the same as that of ciprofloxacin [5].

Psychiatry related information on Reference Standards

• Pilot comparison of extended-release and standard preparations of divalproex sodium in patients with bipolar and schizoaffective disorders [6].

High impact information on Reference Standards

• Reference standard diagnoses of delirium, stupor, and coma occurred in 25.2%, 21.3%, and 28.5% of all observations, respectively [7].
• Moreover, both known inducers of interferon (poly I:poly C) and standard preparations of interferon are capable of enhancing histamine release [8].
• The reference standard standard GAGs heparin (or heparan sulfate) and dermatan sulfate were able to displace bound radiolabeled adhesion site GAG from the column, whereas the other GAGs had no effect [9].
• This linear relationship between the two variables allows us to determine the biologic potency of a test hG-CSF preparation relative to a reference standard using a parallel line assay, with a coefficient of precision of around [10].
• Employing the tritiated thymidine labeling index as reference standard for comparison with the DNA histogram-derived S-phase fractions, linear correlations were obtained using ethidium bromide alone and ethidium bromide in combination with mithramycin as staining techniques [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Reference Standards

• Using amikacin MICs determined by the microdilution method as the reference standard, results for Mycobacterium chelonae were on average eight-fold higher by the macrodilution method and two-fold higher by the BACTEC, 1% standard proportion, and agar dilution methods [12].
• Single-administration dacarbazine (850-1000 mg/m2), once every 3 weeks, is currently the standard reference therapy in patients with advanced melanoma [13].
• Overweight was defined as body mass index greater than the 85th percentile using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference standards [14].
• OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the semiquantitative latex agglutination plasma fibrin D-dimer assay for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism by using computed tomographic (CT) angiography as the diagnostic reference standard [15].
• In the Carrageenan-induced edema test in rat paw, the activity ranged from 28 to 47% for 3a-3d and 44 to 63% for 4a-4d, with indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o.), used as the standard reference drug, showing 88.5% protection [16].

Biological context of Reference Standards

• Bioavailability of Sinemet CR levodopa is less than that of standard Sinemet, so a slightly higher total daily levodopa dose is required to achieve a comparable effect; but because Sinemet CR is absorbed much more slowly than is the standard preparation, dosing frequency can be reduced by up to half [17].
• In this work human chromosomes have been treated with RNase and pepsin to remove the layer of cellular material that covers the standard preparations on glass slides [18].
• This HPLC/MS/MS procedure was used to assess the bioequivalence of two ticlopidine 250 mg tablet formulations (ticlopidine test formulation from Apotex do Brasil, Brazil, and Ticlid from Sanofi-Synthelabo, standard reference formulation) [19].
• Based on the investigations of nonenzymatic hydrolysis of phytic acid under different conditions by using this method, an in-house reference standard solution was produced, which can be used for method development [20].
• The ratios of AUC and Ae for capsule/tablet were essentially unity, indicating that the amount digoxin absorbed from the 0.4-mg digoxin SEG capsule is identical to that from a 0.5-mg standard reference tablet [21].

Anatomical context of Reference Standards

• Results of restaging examinations were used as an independent reference standard for diagnosing progressive disease, and S100beta, MIA, LDH level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were determined in venous blood just before restaging [22].
• Using a modified Oldendorf technique, 14C-labeled glucose analogues with a 3H2O reference standard were introduced into the cerebral circulation via the common carotid artery, and the radioactivity of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex was counted and expressed in terms of a brain uptake index (BUI) [23].
• The dilution curves of several plasmas drawn before and after TRH were parallel to those obtained with TSH standard preparation [24].
• Rabbit skeletal-muscle troponin T was phosphorylated by a standard preparation of phosphorylase kinase [Cohen (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 34, 1--14] and by fractions obtained after chromatography of phosphorylase kinase on phosphocellulose [25].
• With bovine serum albumin as the reference standard, the armadillo salivary-gland glycoprotein, although containing no chromogenic amino acids and only small amounts of colour-yielding peptides [Chou & Goldstein (1960) Biochem. J. 75, 100-115], is highly reactive in the Lowry phenol protein assay [Wu & Pigman (1977) Biochem. J. 161, 37-47] [26].

Associations of Reference Standards with chemical compounds

• 2. When the dilution technic was used to estimate directly the volume distribution of glucose rather than relying on standard reference tables that predict glucose distribution space in man [27].
• Since transcription of the viral early gene was unaffected by the presence of steroid hormone or deletions in the ovalbumin gene 5'-flanking region, the level of its transcripts could be monitored as a reference standard for ovalglobin transcription [28].
• When compared with indomethacin, a standard reference drug in trials of ankylosing spondylitis, diclofenac was comparable in efficacy but had a more favorable side-effect profile [29].
• Latex cast volumes were the reference standard [30].
• OBJECTIVE: The authors compared the new extended-release and standard preparations of divalproex sodium [6].

Gene context of Reference Standards

• Using reverse transcription-PCR, the relative expression of mRNA for both estrogen receptor (ER) beta and transforming growth factor beta1 was determined in each patient group and quantified against a known reference standard [31].
• Our characterization of these enzyme levels provides a reference standard for normal cathepsin B and L activities in human tissues that should enhance the detection of their deregulation in disease states [32].
• The parent compound 4 is a selective, orally bioavailable 5-LO inhibitor which can serve as a useful reference standard for in vivo pharmacological studies involving leukotriene-mediated phenonmena [33].
• The chromatographic pattern of extracted placenta CRF, pregnancy serum CRF and CRF standard preparation was identical [34].
• In addition to providing a useful reference standard for Tg antibody IgG subclass assays, VB/5 antibody and the hybridoma line provide a valuable starting point for detailed studies of Tg autoantibodies and the genes coding for the variable regions of their heavy and light chains [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Reference Standards

• These findings demonstrate the potential of HPLC/MS for characterization of glycoprotein standard preparations [36].
• The relative RNA content was analyzed by quantitative PCR using glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a standard reference [37].
• CONCLUSION: These population based prediction equations for TLC, RV and RV/TLC provide reference standards in a population that has provided reference standards for spirometry and single breath transfer factor for carbon monoxide [38].
• PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography (US)-guided biopsy directed with magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging in patients with an elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) level and negative findings at prior biopsy by using subsequent biopsy results as the reference standard [39].
• Biological activity was determined in the plethoric mouse bioassay in which 59Fe incorporation was converted to units of Ep from standard reference curves [40].

References