Disease relevance of Vestibule

• Thus, the selectivity filter of the TTX-R Na(+) channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons might be located in or close to a multiion single-file pore segment connected externally to a wide vestibule, a molecular feature probably shared by other voltage-gated cationic channels, such as some Ca(2+) and K(+) channels [1].
• Infection in the affected organs is characterized by abscess formation while in the brain the process is complicated by the development of hydrocephalus and a pachymeningitis that erodes the petrous temporal and involves the vestibular apparatus [2].
• Inner ear microcirculatory thrombosis was induced by photochemical reaction between systemic injection of Rose Bengal and irradiation of green light to the cochlea and vestibule [3].
• We report on a cartilaginous choristoma arising in the upper midline oral vestibule [4].
• In 17 cases in which CT scans revealed the presence of jugular diverticulum, sensorineural symptoms were evaluated with respect to a reference line, perpendicular to the basal turn of the cochlea and tangent to the vestibule in axial CT scan images [5].

Psychiatry related information on Vestibule

• Two ITI implants were inserted into the anterior mandibular region of a patient with Huntington's chorea, because a complete denture could not be retained on the alveolar ridge, despite adequate vestibule depth, due to tongue dyskinesia [6].

High impact information on Vestibule

• Histological analysis of these mutants demonstrated that in the vestibule, otogelin is required for the anchoring of the otoconial membranes and cupulae to the neuroepithelia [7].
• Six contingent aromatic residues line the channel and form a path from the vestibule to the periplasmic outlet [8].
• Using a combination of the substituted cysteine accessibility method and open channel blockers, we found that the M3 segment forms the core of the extracellular vestibule, including a deep site for trapping blockers [9].
• Permeation of Ca2+ ions was decreased by mutations in M3C and M4N, but not by mutations in preM1, suggesting a functionally distinct contribution of the segments to the extracellular vestibule of the NMDA receptor channel [10].
• Because 4AP block was inhibited by tetrapentylammonium, we conclude that determinants of 4AP binding lie in the S6 segment that forms the cytoplasmic vestibule of the pore and that this site may overlap a quaternary ammonium site [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Vestibule

• PATIENTS: The authors describe a unique case operated on for a middle ear cholesterol granuloma, which had invaded the cochlea and vestibule causing profound sensorineural deafness [12].

Biological context of Vestibule

• We used serial cysteine mutagenesis to study the structure of the outer vestibule and selectivity region of the voltage-gated Na channel [13].
• This potential locates binding sites and barriers inside the channel; it also reveals a low energy periplasmic vestibule suited for efficient uptake of glycerol from the environment [14].
• Through cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression in human cochlea and vestibule, we detected strong expression of mu-crystallin (CRYM; also known as "NADP-regulated thyroid hormone-binding protein") only in these inner-ear tissues [15].
• METHODS: Quantitative assessment of S. aureus on the skin, in nasal vestibule and throat, serum IgE levels, CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio, lymphocyte proliferation and phagocyte oxidative burst were determined during the exacerbation and after 4 and 12 weeks of the treatment using topical steroid and oral antihistamine in 34 patients with AD [16].

Anatomical context of Vestibule

• The most striking feature of the AcrB trimer is the presence of three vestibules open to the periplasm at the boundary between the periplasmic headpiece and the transmembrane region [17].
• Electron crystallography of frozen-hydrated two-dimensional crystals of deglycosylated human erythrocyte CHIP28 reveals an aqueous vestibule in each monomer leading to the water-selective channel that is enclosed by multiple transmembrane alpha-helices [18].
• The KCNQ4 gene is thought to encode the molecular correlate of the I(K,n) in outer hair cells of the cochlea and I(K,L) in Type I hair cells of the vestibular apparatus, mutations in which lead to a form of inherited deafness [19].
• The possibility that the biogenic amine serotonin might act as a neuromodulator of the cholinergic efferent transmission in the vestibular apparatus and in the organ of Corti is discussed [20].
• In a previous study, it was demonstrated that enzyme-mediated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis occurs in the vestibule of the chick inner ear [21].

Associations of Vestibule with chemical compounds

• For three of the 38 residues (I328C, N333C, T336C), currents evoked by ATP were inhibited by extracellular application of methanethiosulfonates of either charge (ethyltrimethylammonium, ethylsulfonate) suggesting that they lie in the outer vestibule of the pore [22].
• Comparison of the sequence of BK channels to lower-conductance K+ channels and to a crystallized bacterial K+ channel (MthK) revealed that BK channels have a ring of eight negatively charged glutamate residues at the entrance to the intracellular vestibule [23].
• The vestibules of adult guinea pigs were lesioned with gentamicin and then treated with perilymphatic infusion of either of two growth factor mixtures (i.e., GF I or GF II) [24].
• A ring of 12 Asp residues within the external vestibule of the pore is responsible for the binding of Ca2+ that accounts for both pore occlusion and blockage of gating [25].
• The present study uses patch clamp recording to identify a pore-lining lysine residue, Lys-95, that acts to attract large blocker molecules into this inner vestibule [26].

Gene context of Vestibule

• Throughout embryonic and adult life, the expression of the otogelin gene as monitored by LacZ inserted into Otog, and the abundance of the protein are greater in the vestibule than in the cochlea [27].
• However, null mutation of the Hmx3 patterning gene produced only a limited vestibular defect, and did not result in the agenesis of the vestibule [28].
• Finally, Ala 315 of KCNQ3, a residue located in the inner vestibule after the selectivity filter, plays a critical role in preventing current flow in KCNQ3 homomeric channels, whereas it is permissive in heteromers in combination with Thr at the equivalent 276 position of KCNQ2 [29].
• Thus, structurally diverse open channel blockers of CFTR appear to share a common molecular mechanism of action that involves interaction with a positively charged amino acid side chain located in the inner vestibule of the pore [26].
• In addition to the vestibule, in the cochlea, Fgf9 mutation caused defects in the interactions between the Reissner's membrane and the mesenchymal cells, leading to a malformed scala vestibuli [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Vestibule

• In NMDA receptor channels, the M2 loop forms the narrow constriction and the cytoplasmic vestibule [10].
• Using the pig homologue (20K) antisense cRNA probe, high levels of SPRR1 transcript were detected by in situ hybridization in squamous epithelia that line the nasal vestibule and hard palate of the rat [31].
• In vivo perfusions with the gadodiamide (GdDTPA-BMA) chelate-bound paramagnetic gadolinium ion resulted in dynamic temporal enhancement of the scala vestibule and scala tympani, but did not penetrate the scala media [32].
• We examined choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-like immunoreactivity in all five endorgans of the rat vestibule with light and electron microscopy using a modified pre-embedding immunostaining technique [33].
• Finally, the outcome after treatment was different for vestibule, epilarynx, and pharynx SCC, with a 5-year survival of 43%, 27%, and 13%, respectively [34].

References