Disease relevance of Gastric Emptying

• Improvement of gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis by erythromycin. Preliminary studies [1].
• Treatment with SCP or SRP suppressed food intake, delayed gastric emptying and decreased heat-induced edema [2].
• Secretin also reduced the rise in serum gastrin concentration after the meal, and delayed gastric emptying; both responses were approximately the same in normals and in duodenal ulcer patients [3].
• This study was designed to investigate whether intraperitoneally injected urocortin reduces gastric emptying, feeding, and body weight in lean and ob/ob obese mice [4].
• METHODS: In 8 healthy subjects and 9 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) without gastrointestinal tract symptoms or evidence of neuropathy, gastric emptying of a mixed meal was measured by scintigraphy [5].

Psychiatry related information on Gastric Emptying

• When bethanechol or metoclopramide was given 10 min before the complex liquid meal, there was a paucity of contractile activity, gastric emptying was slow, and symptoms of lethargy, diaphoresis, and retching were present [6].
• This study investigated the effects of single oral doses of 60 mg cyclotropium bromide, 60 mg hyoscine N-butylbromide and placebo on gastric emptying and on antral motor activity [7].
• Delayed gastric emptying and improvement with domperidone in a patient with anorexia nervosa [8].
• Regulation of feeding behavior, gastric emptying, and sympathetic nerve activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue by galanin and enterostatin: the involvement of vagal-central nervous system interactions [9].
• Gastric emptying appeared to be progressively delayed with food deprivation, as evident by the delay in peak D-xylose excretion in urine (P = 0.0268) [10].

High impact information on Gastric Emptying

• Erythromycin shortened the prolonged gastric-emptying times for both liquids and solids to normal [1].
• Diabetic mice had loss of NADPH diaphorase-stained myenteric neurons, delayed gastric emptying, and increased intestinal transit time [11].
• In diabetic animals, delayed gastric emptying can be reversed with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, sildenafil [12].
• In genetic (nonobese diabetic) and toxin-elicited (streptozotocin) models of diabetes in mice, we demonstrate defects in gastric emptying and nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxation of pyloric muscle, which resemble defects in mice harboring a deletion of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene (nNOS) [12].
• We conclude that (a) gastric emptying of glucose displays a power exponential pattern with duodenal delivery exponentially declining over time and (b) a threshold rate of gastric emptying of glucose must be exceeded to release GLP-1, whereas GIP release is not controlled by gastric emptying [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Gastric Emptying

• The effect of cisapride on gastric emptying of solids was studied in 9 diabetic patients, all of whom had delayed gastric emptying of indigestible solids (gastroparesis) [14].
• Effect of cisapride on gastric emptying of indigestible solids in patients with gastroparesis diabeticorum. A comparison with metoclopramide and placebo [14].
• The pathogenesis of on-off motor fluctuations in parkinsonism remains incompletely understood, but slowed or erratic gastric emptying of orally administered levodopa may be involved [15].
• We studied the relation between gastric emptying and pre-prandial and postprandial blood glucose concentrations in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and secondary failure to respond to oral hypoglycaemic treatment (a) before readjusting hypoglycaemic therapy and (b) 1 week thereafter [16].
• We conclude that the duodenal osmoreceptor mechanism is relatively insensitive to ethanol; that the relationship between energy density and gastric emptying rate does not hold in the case of ethanol; and that the gastro-oesophageal reflux which occurs in response to ethanol is not due to impairment of gastric emptying [17].

Biological context of Gastric Emptying

• The influence of acoustic stress on postprandial gastrointestinal motility, gastric emptying, and plasma gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, motilin, and somatostatin was evaluated in conscious dogs [18].
• These results suggest that differences in glucose homeostasis observed after ingestion of single high-fiber meals may be caused by viscosity-related delays in the rate of gastric emptying, whereas differences noted after chronic supplementation of dietary fiber are related to adaptive changes in the intestine [19].
• These results indicate that acoustic stress affects gastric and intestinal postprandial motility in dogs, delaying the recovery of the migrating motor complex pattern, inducing a transient slowing of gastric emptying, and enhancing the feeding-induced release of gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin [18].
• RESULTS: Peripherally administered PP induced negative energy balance by decreasing food intake and gastric emptying while increasing energy expenditure [20].
• METHODS: We measured food intake, gastric emptying, oxygen consumption, and gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides, gastric ghrelin, and adipocytokines in mice after administering PP intraperitoneally [20].

Anatomical context of Gastric Emptying

• By contrast, although both pentagastrin and heptadecapeptide gastrin inhibited gastric emptying, the doses required for this action were much higher than the D50's required for stimulation of gastric acid secretion [21].
• RESULTS: Gastric emptying of mesalamine paralleled the meal, and its release occurred throughout the small intestine (cumulative, 20% of dose) [22].
• RESULTS: There were no differences in fasting gallbladder volume or postprandial contractility, gastric emptying, and cholecystokinin release between transplant patients and controls [23].
• Effect of first part of duodenum on gastric emptying in dogs: response to acid, fat, glucose, and neural blockade [24].
• Slowing of gastric emptying of a homogenized mixed meal by the entry of complex carbohydrates into the ileum may be partly mediated by peptide YY or nonvagally mediated neural mechanisms [25].

Associations of Gastric Emptying with chemical compounds

• Gastric emptying of glucose displayed a power exponential pattern with a short initial lag period [13].
• Further studies showed that metiamide and isopropamide are additive in suppressing food-stimulated acid secretion, and that metiamide has no effect on serum gastrin concentration or on gastric emptying [26].
• In a further investigation, gastric emptying and paracetamol absorption were studied simultaneously in fourteen subjects [27].
• Cisapride facilitates gastric emptying in patients with upper gut dysmotility [28].
• Eleven additional reflux patients with delayed gastric emptying received oral metoclopramide, 10 mg, in an open-labeled fashion [29].

Gene context of Gastric Emptying

• GLP-1 also exerts actions independent of insulin secretion, including inhibition of gastric emptying and acid secretion, reduction in food ingestion and glucagon secretion, and stimulation of beta-cell proliferation [30].
• Urocortin reduces food intake and gastric emptying in lean and ob/ob obese mice [4].
• The food-reducing effect of leptin injected with CCK was not associated with alterations in gastric emptying or locomotor behavior [31].
• Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) acts to control blood glucose via multiple mechanisms, including regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, satiety, and peripheral insulin sensitivity [32].
• In animals, ghrelin increases gastric emptying and reverses postoperative ileus [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gastric Emptying

• In the present study we used a bioassay system for measuring plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) to evaluate whether CCK has a physiologic role in regulating gastric emptying in humans [34].
• CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the octanoic acid breath test is a reliable noninvasive test to measure gastric emptying rate of solids [35].
• The relationship of gallbladder emptying and refilling to gastric emptying of solids, gastrointestinal transit time, and human pancreatic polypeptide response was examined after ingestion of a standard breakfast (40% fat) in 12 healthy men and women [36].
• Oral administration of metoclopramide resulted in a significant improvement in gastric emptying of the solid meal and a nonsignificant trend toward more rapid liquid emptying, but no change in esophageal emptying [37].
• How gastric emptying of carbohydrate affects glucose tolerance and symptoms after truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty [38].

References