Disease relevance of D-galactose

• The most commonly used enzymatic reporter molecule, Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta-gal; beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23), fails to readily diffuse into axons; consequently, the morphologies of beta-gal-labeled neurons cannot directly be determined [1].
• These results suggest that beta-D-galactoside alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase expression highly correlates with malignant progression of colon adenocarcinoma [2].
• This level of activity can be greatly enhanced by the cointernalization of the DNA.protein complex with a replication-defective adenovirus, resulting in 100% of the hepatocytes staining blue with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside [3].
• These sequences were compared with the published sequences of peptides derived from the beta-D-galactoside binding lectin from human lung and with sequences deduced from cDNAs assigned to the beta-D-galactoside binding lectins from chicken embryo skin and human hepatomas [4].
• Studies on the distribution of beta-D-galactoside-binding activity in animal tissues reveal particularly high levels in sheletal muscle tissue and in cultures of embryonic skeletal muscle and neuroblastoma cells [5].

High impact information on D-galactose

• The recent demonstration that activated platelets express CD40 ligand (L) provides a mechanism of interaction with CD40-positive endothelial cells, inducing them to produce proinflammatory mediators [6].
• No GFP-positive hepatocytes and no gross blue staining of the livers with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-d-galactoside in any of the 18 recipient mice analyzed were detected [7].
• Analysis of the mRNA transcript level for the human H gene-encoded beta-D-galactoside alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase revealed 40- and 340-fold increases in the mRNA levels in all adenocarcinomas and tumor cell lines, respectively, compared to normal colon mucosa where a low level of mRNA transcript was detected [2].
• Nucleotide sequence analysis of the protein coding region of the cDNAs derived from normal colon, adenoma, and colon adenocarcinoma revealed 100% homology, suggesting that there are no tumor-associated allelic variations within the H beta-D-galactoside alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase cDNA [2].
• Using back selection of lacZ-deficient virus in the presence of the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside, we generated random endpoint deletion mutants [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of D-galactose

• Escherichia coli strains have been isolated that produce hybrid proteins comprised of an NH2-terminal sequence from the lamB gene product (an outer membrane protein) and a major portion of the COOH-terminal sequence of beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23; a cytoplasmic protein) [9].
• Effect of cycloheximide, beta-D-xylosides and beta-D-galactosides on heparin biosynthesis in mouse mastocytoma [10].
• Mutant frequencies in the bone marrow and liver were analyzed by the positive selection method using Escherichia coli C (galE-) strain and phenyl beta-D-galactoside [11].
• At relatively low concentrations (less than 3M) the aprotic solvents: dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, tetramethylurea and hexamethylphosphoric triamide, inhibited beta-D-galactoside transport by whole cells, and the derived membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli [12].
• The beta-D-galactoside transport protein (y-gene product) of Escherichia coli, strain T 206, was solubilized in 85-95% yield using the organic solvents hexamethylphosphoric triamide at pH 7.5 or butan-1-ol at pH 4 [13].

Biological context of D-galactose

• We have established the amino acid sequence of the beta-D-galactoside binding lectin from the electric eel and the sequences of several peptides from a similar lectin isolated from human placenta [4].
• One of the highly conserved regions that contains a tryptophan residue and two glutamic acid residues is probably part of the beta-D-galactoside binding site, which, on the basis of spectroscopic studies of the electric eel lectin, is expected to contain such residues [4].
• A beta-D-galactoside binding protein from electric organ tissue of Electrophorus electricus [5].
• The functional properties of CZP protein, a mutant deriving from wild-type beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.23) by a point mutation, were investigated [14].
• Six hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies against Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galoctohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) have been derived from two separate somatic cell fusions [15].

Anatomical context of D-galactose

• A receptor that binds the phosphomannosyl recognition marker of bovine testicular beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) was isolated from bovine liver membranes [16].
• Binding of initiator tRNA to polymerase stimulates the transcription of lambda plac DNA, as determined in a crude cell-free system for beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23; beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase) synthesis as well as in a highly purified transcription system [17].
• Form A of the beta-D-galactoside alpha 2----3 sialyltransferase from porcine submaxillary glands was incorporated into liposomes [18].
• Isolation and properties of beta-D-galactoside-specific lectin from chick embryo thigh muscle [19].
• Enzymatic properties of beta-D-galactoside alpha2 leads to 6 sialytransferase from bovine colostrum [20].

Associations of D-galactose with other chemical compounds

• In previous studies, a cyanogen bromide peptide derived from amino-acid residues 3-92 of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23; beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase) was shown to have alpha-donor activity in intracistronic alpha-complementation [21].
• Of the monosaccharides tested for inhibition of hemagglutination only D-galactose and alpha- and beta-D-galactosides were active [22].
• The enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of 3beta-D-glucosido-lithocholic and 3beta-D-glucosido-chenodeoxycholic acids with high affinity (Km, 1.7 and 6.2 microM, respectively) and of the beta-D-glucoside (Km, 210 microM) and the beta-D-galactoside of 4-methylumbelliferone [23].
• Porcine submaxillary gland GDP-L-fucose: beta-D-galactoside alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase is likely a counterpart of the human Secretor gene-encoded blood group transferase [24].
• The transfected cells synthesize beta-galactosidase, a cytoplasmic enzyme which can easily be stained for histology with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl beta-D-galactoside and for cytometry with fluorescein di-(beta-D-galactopyranoside) [25].

Gene context of D-galactose

• Cytosolic beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) from mammalian liver is a member of the family 1 glycoside hydrolases and is known for its ability to hydrolyse a range of beta-D-glycosides, including beta-D-glucoside and beta-D-galactoside [26].
• To identify eIF5A-binding proteins that could clarify its function, we screened a two-hybrid library and identified two eIF-5A partners in S. cerevisiae: Dys1 and the protein encoded by the gene YJR070C, named Lia1 (Ligand of eIF5A) [27].
• The endogenous beta-D-galactoside-binding lectins of UV-2237-IP3 fibrosarcoma cells consist of two polypeptides with molecular weights of 14,500 (L-14.5) and 34,000 (L-34) [28].
• This assay is based on the sandwiching of the antigen between anti-aFGF antibody immunoglobulin G (IgG) coated on plates and biotinylated anti-aFGF antibody IgG; the detection of biotinylated IgG was performed by enzyme reaction of streptavidin-conjugated beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside hydrolase; EC 3.2.1.23) [29].
• The key enzyme for generating CD173 is the beta-D-galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase (FUT1) [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of D-galactose

• Gel filtration studies revealed that the protein behaved like a dimer under native conditions, and saccharides bearing a beta-D-galactoside configuration were able to inhibit the hemagglutinating activity displayed by the purified galectin [31].
• The papain-released beta-D-glucosidase, after being purified by density-gradient centrifugation, hydrolyses beta-D-glucosides, beta-D-galactosides and beta-D-fucosides at the same active site, as inferred from experiments of competition between substrates [32].
• A sensitive two-site enzyme immunoassay system for mouse beta nerve growth factor (NGF) was developed, based on the sandwiching of the antigen between anti-mouse beta NGF antibody IgG coated to a polystyrene tube and anti-mouse beta NGF antibody Fab'-linked beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) [33].
• The antigenic cross-reactivity between purified chick, eel and mouse electrolectins (endogenous beta-D-galactoside specific lectins) have been studied using a solid phase radioimmunoassay [34].
• Cells from the endoderm of the area opaca of gastrulating chick embryos were maintained in stationary cultures, stained with antibodies against the endogenous beta-D-galactoside-binding lectin and examined by immunofluorescence [35].

References