Disease relevance of adenosine

• Frameshift mutations in the two coding polyadenosine tracks of RIZ were found in 19 (48%) of 40 gastric carcinomas, 6 (33%) of 18 endometrial carcinomas, 14 (26%) of 51 of colorectal carcinomas, and 7 (54%) of 13 cell lines [1].
• When mouse lymphoma cells (L-1210) are treated with methylnitrosourea, a DNA-damaging agent, polyadenosine diphosphoribose (poly(ADP-ribose)) synthetase activity increases 5-8-fold in 2-3 h, while RNA polymerase activity remains constant for an initial 2 h and then gradually decreases to 25-30% of the control level in 5 h [2].
• The frequency of bypassing the polyadenosine stretches by HIV RT is enhanced by increasing the ratio of enzyme to template [3].
• A few cellular and viral mRNAs, such as the hepatitis C virus (HCV) mRNA genome, lack 3'-terminal polyadenosine sequences [4].
• No clear abnormalities were observed in the spectra of patients with multiple sclerosis regarding the phosphomonoesters, phosphodiesters, inorganic phosphate, and beta-adenosine triphosphate or with respect to pH values [5].
• For these reasons the "Targeting adenosine A2A receptors in Parkinson's disease and other CNS disorders" meeting in Boston included selected aspects of the general biology of adenosine A2A receptor signaling [6].
• These results suggest that genetic variants in the adenosine receptor genes may predict the heart's response to ischemia or injury and might also influence an individual's response to adenosine therapy [7].
• These findings suggest that physiologic concentrations of adenosine allow the alveolar epithelium to counterbalance active Na(+) absorption with Cl(-) efflux through engagement of the A(1)R and raise the possibility that adenosine receptor ligands can be used to treat pulmonary edema [8].
• We subsequently aim to examine the effects of adenosine A2A antagonists in rodent and primate models of PD and of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia [9].
• Our findings provide a possible molecular link between extracellular adenosine elevation and lung inflammation and fibrosis [10].
• We have shown that excessive adenosine accumulation in the penis contributes to priapism through increased A2BR signaling in both Ada -/- and SCD transgenic mice [11].

High impact information on adenosine

• Finally, prooxidant states may modulate the expression of a family of prooxidant genes, which are related to cell growth and differentiation, by inducing alterations in DNA structure or by epigenetic mechanisms, for example, by polyadenosine diphosphate-ribosylation of chromosomal proteins [12].
• We find evidence for specific positioning of the L1 RNA with the ORF2 protein, probably mediated in part by the polyadenosine portion of L1 RNA [13].
• However, the bicoid mRNA in cortex embryos contains a shorter than normal polyadenosine (poly(A)) tail [14].
• Stimulation of polyadenosine diphosphoribose synthesis by DNA lesions induced by sodium chromate in Chinese hamster V-79 cells [15].
• Increased repair replication in human lymphoid cells by inhibition of polyadenosine diphosphoribose synthesis with no increase in patch sizes [16].

Chemical compound and disease context of adenosine

• Adenosine (Adenocard) is a unique new agent for the acute treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) [17].
• Adenosine (Adenocard) is an endogenous purine nucleoside that has been approved recently for intravenous treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia [18].
• These results indicate that adenosine generated by ethanol metabolism plays an important role in ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis via both A1 and A2B receptors and suggest that targeting adenosine receptors may be effective in the prevention of alcohol-induced fatty liver [19].

Biological context of adenosine

• The 3' end of clone 5K-1 contains a polyadenosine stretch preceded by a potential polyadenylation signal, which is not used to generate the EPHB2 transcript [20].
• Translation initiation in many eukaryotic mRNAs is modulated by an interaction between the cap binding protein complex, bound to the 5' end of the mRNA, and the polyadenosine binding protein, bound to the 3'-terminal polyadenosine sequences [4].
• The polyadenosine (A) VDR genotypes were determined [21].
• The positive effect of dietary vitamin D intake on bone mineral density in men is modulated by the polyadenosine repeat polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor [21].
• Studies have examined genotypes for common VDR polymorphisms, including a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detected by Bsm1, a polyadenosine [poly(A)] repeat polymorphism, and a SNP detected by Fok1, as candidates for susceptibility to cancer, but most have not evaluated haplotypes for these markers [22].

Anatomical context of adenosine

• Formycin B has been shown to be an inhibitor for the polyadenosine diphosphoribose polymerase, isolated from oviduct nuclei of quails [23].
• 3-Aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of polyadenosine diphosphoribose polymerase, produced rapid reversible changes in single-strand break frequencies in DNA from primary human fibroblasts damaged by alkylating agents, but it did not cause such changes in the DNA of cells damaged by ultraviolet light [24].
• The elution positions of messenger ribonucleic acids were determined by detection of polyadenosine tracts and by support of protein synthesis in a messenger-dependent cell-free system [25].
• Left ventricle mean phosphocreatine (PCr) to beta-adenosine triphosphate (beta-ATP) ratios of patients with HHC (1.60 +/- 0.41) were significantly decreased in comparison to healthy volunteers (1.93 +/- 0.36; p = 0.004) [26].
• The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the relative contents of phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), beta-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and transverse relaxation time (T2) with fiber composition, which determined histochemically in the human skeletal muscle [27].

Associations of adenosine with other chemical compounds

• Phosphocreatine and beta-adenosine triphosphate decreased to 12.1 +/- 24.2% (mean +/ standard deviation), 37.4% +/- 25.0%, respectively, after 12-hour cold storage, and significantly increased to 94.0% +/- 48.7% (p < 0.001), 48.8% (p < 0.05), respectively after 1-hour coronary perfusion [28].
• Magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows detection of moderate to severe rejection with significant alterations in the energy-rich phosphates such as a decrease in the ratio of phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate, phosphomonoester/inorganic phosphate, and beta-adenosine triphosphate/inorganic phosphate [29].
• Sequence of a cDNA for the ND1 gene from Leishmania major: potential uridine addition in the polyadenosine tail [30].
• We propose that redox changes associated with the alteration of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and polyadenosine diphosphoribose are involved in lactate-mediated VEGF expression [31].
• A 4 week stability analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography was carried out on Adenoscan that had been pre-dispensed into polypropylene syringes and stored at 2-8 degrees C. It was found that the concentration of adenosine in the pre-dispensed syringes remained stable during the 4 week period [32].
• The recombinant T. brucei AK (TbAK) preferably used ATP or GTP to phosphorylate both natural and synthetic nucleosides in the following order of catalytic efficiencies: adenosine > cordycepin > deoxyadenosine > adenine arabinoside (Ara-A) > inosine > fludarabine (F-Ara-A) [33].

Gene context of adenosine

• This mutation occurred in the polyadenosine tract (nt2152-2159) of exon 11 and is predicted to result in a frameshift with premature translation termination of the PKD2 product, polycystin 22, immediately after codon 723 [34].
• The expression level of messenger RNA for type IV collagen, surfactant protein-A and mitochondrial beta-adenosine triphosphatase was significantly increased in KL(-/-) mice, which may represent a compensatory response to alveolar destruction [35].
• AIM: To study the frameshift mutations of the retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene RIZ in gastric cancer with microsatellite instability, and to identify two coding polyadenosine tracts of RIZ [36].
• Identification of variable length polyadenosine tract at the dystrophin locus [37].
• Enhanced polyadenosine diphosphate-ribosylation in cirrhotic liver and carcinoma tissues in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma [38].
• MTX did not reduce exudate leukocyte counts or TNFalpha levels or increase exudate adenosine levels in CD73-deficient mice [39].
• They intrinsically carry high adenosine deaminase activity, which in turn degrades and removes adenosine from the surroundings, cutting off DCs from the suppression [40].
• Genetic ablation of A(2B) receptors had no effect on A(3) adenosine receptor-dependent potentiation of Ag-induced degranulation in mouse BMMCs, but abrogated A(2B) adenosine receptor-dependent stimulation of IL-13 and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion [41].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of adenosine

• Furthermore, as verified by autoradiography, labeling of the nuclei by polyadenosine diphosphoribose polymer shows a marked increase during regeneration [42].
• The purity of polyadenosine diphosphoribose was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, which is a highly sensitive method for the detection of contamination by nucleotides derived from other nucleic acids [43].
• The covalent association of polyadenosine diphosphoribose with non-histone proteins was demonstrated by affinity chromatography [44].
• The macromolecular association of immunoreactive naturally occurring polyadenosine diphosphoribose n greater than 4 with histones and non-histone proteins was determined with the aid of an improved method of extraction of polyadenosine diphosphoribose and a combination of radioimmunoassay and molecular filtration [44].
• Intraperitoneal injection of hematin also caused a significant decrease in the hepatic beta-adenosine triphosphate/inorganic phosphate ratio, severe hepatic intracellular acidosis, and a significant increase of hepatic intracellular sodium (Na(+)) concentration, similar to the effects of PAAF [45].

References