Disease relevance of C02625

• The toxicity of 2,4-DCP to developing earthworms was tested by using cocoons with or without R. eutropha (pJP4) [1].
• In contrast, anaerobic bacteria in pond sediment acclimated to dehalogenate 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DiCP) or 3,4-DiCP rapidly dechlorinated 2,4-DiCA and 3,4-DiCA without any lag time [2].
• A region of 2.5 kilobases, adjacent to tfdC, enabled E. coli extracts to degrade 2,4-D to 2,4-dichlorophenol [3].
• The Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strain containing the 2.7-kb SstI-XbaI fragment was able to convert not only 2,4,5-T to 2,4,5-TCP but also 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to 2,4-dichlorophenol and phenoxyacetate to phenol [4].
• Development and characterization of a lux-modified 2,4-dichlorophenol-degrading Burkholderia sp. RASC [5].

High impact information on C02625

• One of these activities is similar to that of horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase; it is dependent on Mn2+ ions and catalytic amounts of phenols, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol and N-acetyltyrosinamide, and is greater than 95% inhibited by 0.1 mM cyanide [6].
• An accumulation of chlorophenol was found to inhibit chlorophenoxyacetate degradation, and inactivation of the tfdB genes enhanced the toxic effect of 2,4-DCP on C. necator cells [7].
• TfdA cleaves the ether bonds of these herbicides to produce 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenol (MCP), respectively [7].
• In this study we determined that the presence of R. eutropha (pJP4) within the developing earthworm cocoon can influence the degradation and toxicity of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP, respectively [1].
• lux-marked biosensors for assessing the toxicity and bioremediation potential of polluted environments may complement traditional chemical techniques. luxCDABE genes were introduced into the chromosome of the 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP)-mineralizing bacterium, Burkholderia sp. RASC c2, by biparental mating using the Tn4431 system [5].

Chemical compound and disease context of C02625

• The 4-chloro- and 2,4-dichlorophenol-degrading strain Rhodococcus opacus 1CP has previously been shown to acquire, during prolonged adaptation, the ability to mineralize 2-chlorophenol [8].
• The inhibition of glutathione synthesis enhanced the toxicity of 2,4-DCP [9].
• Simultaneous utilization of unrelated mixed substrates (glucose/2,4-dichlorophenol) by the consortium and Bacillus subtilis, indicated the diauxic growth pattern of the organisms [10].
• Comparing the toxicity of 2,4-D, MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid), 2,4-DCP (2,4-dichlorophenol), 2,4-DMP (2,4-dimethylphenol) it was found that the highest decrease occurred in bovine hemoglobin incubated with 2,4-DMP [11].

Biological context of C02625

• Sulfidogenic cultures initiated with biomass from an anaerobic bioreactor used in treatment of pulp-bleaching effluents dechlorinated 2,4-dichlorophenol to 4-chlorophenol, which persisted, whereas 2,6-dichlorophenol was sequentially dechlorinated first to 2-chlorophenol and then to phenol [12].
• Plasmid pRO101, a derivative of plasmid pJP4 which contains Tn1721 inserted into a nonessential region, is inducible for 2,4-dichlorophenol hydroxylase (DCPH) encoded by tfdB [13].
• Activity of Desulfitobacterium sp. strain Viet1 demonstrates bioavailability of 2,4-dichlorophenol previously sequestered by the aquatic plant Lemna minor [14].
• The second, with a maximum in the 1970s, is in keeping with previously reported time trends for Europe and North America. Pre-1900, the TCDD/F isomer pattern was dominated by dimerization products of 2,4-dichlorophenol [15].
• The cytogenetic effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and its metabolite 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was studied in bone-marrow, germ cells and sperm head abnormalities in the treated mice [16].

Anatomical context of C02625

• Only the highest tested concentration of 2,4-DCP (180 mg kg(-1)BW, 1/2 LD(50)) induced a significant percentage of chromosome aberrations and sperm head abnormalities after i.p. injection [16].
• When other analytes were tested the protoplasts gave a similar response to tin as for TBT, but detected copper and 2,4-dichlorophenol with similar signal profiles to Cd and with lower sensitivity [17].
• 4. The degradation kinetics of 2,4-DCP on Nafion-Fe membranes was more favorable than the one observed during Fenton photo-assisted processes at pH 2 [18].
• Administration of 2,4-DCP significantly decreased cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in hepatic microsomes isolated from guinea-pigs with the low AA intake [19].
• A peroxidative activity was found in solubilized thylakoid membranes of olives (Olea europaea) cv. hojiblanca that catalyses degradation of chloroplast pigments in the presence of H2O2 and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) [20].

Associations of C02625 with other chemical compounds

• When the cloned tfdS gene was in trans with plasmid pRO103, the baseline DCPH levels were repressed to normal uninduced levels and were fully induced when this strain was grown in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenol, or 4-chlorocatechol [13].
• 5. It could be visualized by activity staining after SDS-PAGE and showed activity with a number of typical substrates for peroxidases, e.g., 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, guaiacol and 2,4-dichlorophenol; however the enzyme had no catalase and cytochrome c peroxidase activity [21].
• Using this device two phenols viz., 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, were separated within 12 s compared to under 19 min on a conventional capillary electrophoresis system using direct ultraviolet detection [22].
• The addition of exogeneous glutathione to diatom culture enhanced the degradation of 2,4-DCP, and promoted diatom growth [9].
• The biodegradation kinetics of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by culture (Culture M) acclimated to mixture of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-DCP and the culture (Culture 4) acclimated to 4-CP only were investigated in aerobic batch reactors [23].

Gene context of C02625

• Cytochrome P450 3A4 mediated metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenol [24].
• The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenol on growth and plasmidic beta-lactamase activity in Escherichia coli [25].
• The biodegradation and responses of selected detoxification and antioxidant enzymes in the marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum, upon exposure to sublethal concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) were investigated [9].
• 2,4-DCP metabolism was dependent on NADPH in microsomal fractions and no activity was observed in microsomal fractions or whole cells of control transformants [24].
• A solution containing 2,4-DCP (TOC 72 mg C/L)) is seen to be mineralized in approximately 1 h in the presence of H2O2 (10 mM) under solar simulated visible light (80 mW cm-2) at pH values between 2.8 and 11 [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of C02625

• Supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide has been found to be effective for the isolation of residue levels (0.1-1 ppm) of 2,4-dichlorophenol from selected plant tissues [26].
• Inhibition of 2,4-DCP mineralization between 25 and 50 microg ml(-1) corresponded well to the EC50 value (33.83 microg ml(-1)) obtained from bioluminescence inhibition studies. lux-marked RASC c2 may therefore be used as a functionally (i.e. 2,4-DCP degrader) and environmentally relevant biosensor of toxicity and biodegradation inhibition [5].
• High-pressure liquid chromatography analyses of culture supernatants of AC1100 incubated with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T revealed the accumulation of chlorohydroquinone as an apparent dead-end catabolite of 2,4-D and the subsequent accumulation of both 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol [27].
• Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenol on DPPC/water liposomes studied by X-ray and freeze-fracture electron microscopy [28].
• In 1982, a Danish cohort study was initiated of workers in the manufacture of 2,4-dichlorophenol- and 4-chloro-ortho-cresol-based phenoxy herbicides, after a governmental working group had indicated the need for further data on the long-term health consequences of exposure to these phenoxy herbicides [29].

References