Disease relevance of DAP

• BACKGROUND: Death-associated protein (DAP) kinase is a serine/threonine kinase that is important in ligand-induced programmed cell death and plays an important role in lung cancer metastasis in animal models [1].
• Hypermethylation of the death-associated protein (DAP) kinase promoter and aggressiveness in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer [1].
• To this end, we have created a retrovirus vector, DAP, encoding an easily assayable enzyme, human placental alkaline phosphatase [2].
• These findings suggest that DAP IV monoclonal antibody is very useful in distinguishing thyroid follicular carcinoma from follicular adenoma [3].
• In almost all cases of thyroid follicular and papillary carcinoma, tumour cells were positive (99.0 per cent) with DAP IV, whereas the cases of follicular adenoma showed a low incidence (27.1 per cent) of positive staining [3].

Psychiatry related information on DAP

• We have measured the effect of a bolus dose of esmolol 80 mg i.v. on heart rate, and systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean (MAP) arterial pressures during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) [4].
• The reaction of transformation from ACP to DAP was second order and the activation energy was 95 kJ/mol (22.7 kCal/mol) and therefore it was inferred that the conversion reaction was a surface control process [5].
• It was found that the CPI-Fe scale and DAP test significantly correlate with the degree of feminine gender identity reported by the Ss [6].
• We are presenting here an integrated decision-making algorithm for preventive action and research in public health (DAP) [7].
• In contrast to the importance generally ascribed to global ratings of DAP figures, the global rating of nudity on DAP drawings did not differentiate any aspect of personality as measured by the MMPI [8].

High impact information on DAP

• Conversely, one of the major signal-transducing molecules involved in the activation of autophagy during apoptosis--the so-called DAP kinase--can induce cell death through MMP [9].
• The combined actions of NEP-24.11 (0.93 +/- 0.15 nmol/min per well) and DAP IV (0.84 +/- 0.18 nmol/min per well) were responsible for the degradation of substance P [10].
• Death associated with hyperventilation [11].
• DRP-1 is a pro-apoptotic Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-regulated serine/threonine kinase, recently isolated as a novel member of the DAP-kinase family of proteins [12].
• Death-associated protein (DAP)-kinase is a calcium/calmodulin regulated serine/threonine kinase that carries ankyrin repeats, a death domain, and is localized to the cytoskeleton [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of DAP

• Death-associated protein (DAP) kinase is a serine/threonine kinase that plays an integral role in apoptosis and metastasis [14].
• DAP IV expression did not parallel that of acid phosphatase or alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase in leukemic T-lymphoid cells except in T-lymphoblastic lymphoma and T-prolymphocytic leukemia, where a strong reaction with the three hydrolytic enzymes was observed [15].
• A simple and sensitive method for separating and detecting the LL, DD and meso diastereomers of the dibasic amino acid diaminopimelic acid (DAP) in the peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria is described [16].
• Clonidine was administered by intravenous infusion to 12 patients classified as having exaggerated arterial hypertension, their systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean (MAP) arterial pressures were significantly reduced from the third min [17].
• In patients with chronic glomerulonephritis urinary DAP IV activity was 9.6 +/- 5.6 U/l, p less than 0.05 (DCR: 1.22 +/- 0.75 U/mmol creatinine, p less than 0.05 vs controls) [18].

Biological context of DAP

• Death-associated protein (DAP) kinase is a novel calcium/calmodulin-activated kinase that functions in apoptosis mediated by death receptors [19].
• Furthermore, the dominant negative Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) protein blocks the cell death induced by either DAP-1 or FADD [20].
• Sequence analysis reveals that DAP-1 shares striking sequence homology with the yeast SMT3 protein that is essential for the maintenance of chromosome integrity during mitosis (Meluh, P. B., and Koshland, D. (1995) Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 793-807) [20].
• In transient transfection assays, overexpression of DAP-1 suppresses NF-kappaB/Rel activity in 293T cells, a human kidney embryonic carcinoma cell line [20].
• By screening a mammalian cDNA library using the yeast two-hybrid cloning technique, we isolated a ubiquitin-homology protein, DAP-1, which specifically interacts with the cytoplasmic death domain of TNF-R1 [20].

Anatomical context of DAP

• This is the first report of a novel serine/threonine kinase, rabbit death-associated protein (DAP) kinase-related apoptosis-inducing protein kinase 1 (rDRAK1), involved in osteoclast apoptosis [21].
• Hypermethylation of death-associated protein (DAP) kinase CpG island is frequent not only in B-cell but also in T- and natural killer (NK)/T-cell malignancies [22].
• Ia- cells such as the P388D1 macrophage line or cultured fibroblasts (DAP X 3) were as efficient as the Ia+ B cell hybridoma LB in providing accessory cell function for the L3T4+, Ly-2- subset [23].
• In positive staining cases previously diagnosed as benign tumours, 11 benign cases reacting positively with DAP IV were rediagnosed as carcinoma after re-examination of more thyroid paraffin block sections or serial sections [3].
• The yield of the DAP-protein complex was maximized by extraction of frozen-thawed protoplasts with a pH 8.8 carbonate buffer containing SDS [24].

Associations of DAP with chemical compounds

• Expression of death-associated protein (DAP) kinase, a proapoptotic serine/threonine protein kinase, is frequently lost in human tumors [25].
• Similar affinities were obtained when the lysine moiety of the muramyl peptides was replaced by meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) [26].
• This arginine is conserved in the known DAP-type PGN-interacting PGRPs and contributes significantly to the affinity of the protein for the ligand [27].
• Further, we have found that this fluorescent intermediate can be converted in ammonium hydroxide solution to 2,6 diaminopurine deoxyribonucleoside (2,6 DAP), a potentially mutagenic nucleoside analog [28].
• We have shown that N-methylimidazole (NMI) in place of DMAP eliminates the fluorescent species and reduces 2,6 DAP contamination [28].

Physical interactions of DAP

• By contrast, panning with an extended region containing the WW, EF hands, and ZZ domain defines the consensus binding motif, PPxY which is also found in beta-dystroglycan, a component of the DAP complex that interacts with utrophin in several tissues [29].

Regulatory relationships of DAP

• Death-associated protein (DAP) kinase is a novel gene regulating apoptosis induced by IFN-gamma [30].

Other interactions of DAP

• The ubiquitin-homology protein, DAP-1, associates with tumor necrosis factor receptor (p60) death domain and induces apoptosis [20].
• Therefore, both ZIP and DAP kinases represent a novel kinase family, which mediates apoptosis through their catalytic activities [31].
• Consistent with previous reports on the hypermethylation of death associated protein (DAP) kinase in NKTLs, the promoter of DAP kinase was methylated and its mRNA not detected in Hank-1 cells [32].
• Death-associated protein (DAP) kinase is a pro-apoptotic serine/threonine kinase with a death domain, which is involved in apoptosis induced by interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and Fas ligand [22].
• The effect of dystrophin mutations on the assembly and stability of the dystrophin associated protein (DAP) complex in human heart are not fully understood [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of DAP

• Using in vivo footprinting and gel mobility shift assays with 15 DAP endosperm nuclear extracts, we have demonstrated the presence of trans-acting factors that interact with Pb3 and GZM target sites [34].
• Most of the Class I mRNAs declined substantially during desiccation itself; Class II mRNAs remained abundant in the mature dry (60 DAP) seed [35].
• We found a novel dystrophin-associated protein (DAP) exhibiting almost the same mobility as gamma-sarcoglycan on SDS-PAGE [36].
• DAP IV and AcP reactivities could be visualized only when cytochemical reactions were performed before immunocytochemistry [37].
• We continuously recorded heart rate (HR; ECG) and beat-to-beat systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean (MAP) arterial pressures (Finometer) while supine, and following the passive assumption of an upright seated position [38].

References