Disease relevance of Sag

• Immune complex formation was observed between seven of the eight CNBr cleavage products derived from the 48-kDa polypeptide of both liver and hepatoma [1].
• Ocular injection of retinal S antigen: suppression of autoimmune uveitis [2].
• A partial amino acid sequence obtained from the 48 kDa protein revealed a 100% identity with the La/SSB protein, an autoantigen implicated in several autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome [3].
• Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is an ocular autoimmune disease induced in rats by immunization with retinal S-antigen [4].
• Immunization with recombinant Escherichia coli expressing retinal S-antigen-induced experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in Lewis rats [5].

High impact information on Sag

• The recovered full-length cDNA encodes a 48 kDa protein, NEMO (NF-kappaB Essential MOdulator), which contains a putative leucine zipper motif [6].
• The 48 kDa antigen is not observed in non-neural epithelial tissues and is detected in cortical and cerebellar tissues only at a developmental period that coincides with the stage of active neuronal cell migration [7].
• Antibodies raised to a mixture of the 46 and 48 kDa rat CNS 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterases (CNPs) recognized apparently identical proteins in peripheral nervous system (PNS), thymus, and circulating blood lymphocytes [8].
• However, the latter binding was more effectively competed by R-2 RNA than by itself, indicating that the homologous sites may be weaker binding sites for the same 48-kDa protein [9].
• In particular, endosomes were found to harbor a 48-kDa extrinsic membrane protein and two or more integral membrane phosphoproteins of 30-35 kDa [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Sag

• The use of locally applied cyclosporine was investigated in the retinal S-antigen-induced experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model in Lewis rats [11].
• Lewis rats with retinal S-antigen-induced uveitis were treated with the enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase and catalase or with the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethyl thiourea for one week [12].
• Cyclosporine-G inhibits retinal S-antigen-induced experimental autoimmune uveitis in a manner similar to Cyclosporine-A (CsA) [13].

Biological context of Sag

• Furthermore, antibodies elicited against peptide 384-392 were shown to inhibit the protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of the 48-kDa polypeptide [14].
• The formation of this dimer is particularly sensitive to MSA release on hydrolysis of MDMS because, in the presence of MSA, HCHO preferentially cross-linked an H2a-H2b dimer and a 48-kDa non-histone protein to DNA [15].
• DC pulsed with either retinal S-antigen or another retinal autoantigen, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP), were able to stimulate naive T cell proliferation in vitro, but only S-antigen-pulsed DC were able to induce an immune response in vivo and initiate antibody class switching [16].
• The mutant lacking both glycosylation sites, while poorly secreted, had an apparent molecular mass of 48 kDa, the same size observed for HL after enzymatic removal of N-linked oligosaccharides [17].
• We show that in PC12 cells overexpression of caspase-2 induces cell death, serum deprivation induces processing (i.e., activation) of the 48-kDa pro-caspase-2, and stable expression of caspase-2 antisense RNA inhibits apoptosis induced by serum deprivation [18].

Anatomical context of Sag

• Above 48 megarads the radiation inactivation curve of the Tris-HCl-washed microsomes was described by a monoexponential function which gave a target size of 48 kDa [19].
• A proteoglycan obtained from extracts of Sertoli cells is described which contains heparin (maximum 48 kDa) GAG chains [20].
• The antibody reacted specifically with a 48 kDa protein in the extract of the parotid glands from untreated rats while no reaction was detected in that of the proliferation-induced ones [21].
• Liver cytosol contained two poly(A) polymerase species (40 and 48 kDa) [22].
• PC12 cells were found to contain and release a 70-75-kDa tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and a much less abundant 48-kDa urokinase-type plasminogen activator [23].

Associations of Sag with chemical compounds

• When only the immunoprecipitated 48-kDa protein was used in the reconstitution system, a 2200% increase of taurocholate uptake was observed [24].
• Phosphorylation of the 48-kDa subunit of the glycine receptor by protein kinase C [14].
• Sequence information obtained by NH2-terminal sequence analysis of two molecular weight forms (45 and 48 kDa) of the porcine Gal beta 1,3GalNAc alpha 2,3-sialyltransferase was used to clone a full-length cDNA of the enzyme [25].
• Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein phosphorylation and cleavage into 200 and 48 kDa fragments occurred within 30 minutes of dexamethasone treatment [26].
• A 48-kDa glycoprotein was a major component in membrane preparations washed with 0.1 M Na2CO3 and 0.5 M NaCl [27].

Physical interactions of Sag

• How ATP quenches PDE is not established; however, leading hypotheses favor the intervention of a 48-kDa ATP-binding protein and/or an ATP-utilizing rhodopsin kinase in this reaction [28].

Regulatory relationships of Sag

• With a crude SPM preparation, AVP (10(-8)-10(-5) M) stimulated phosphorylation of a number of proteins which included a brain-specific protein of 48 kDa called B50 or protein F1, which is thought to be related to synaptic plasticity [29].
• The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase have been observed to be effective antiphlogistic agents in severe experimental allergic uveitis induced by retinal S antigen in rats [30].

Other interactions of Sag

• In addition, antibody RK5 was used to recover a cDNA clone (pRK5) encoding a portion of a 48-kDa keratin-related protein with unique tissue and cellular distribution, designated cytokeratin 21 [31].
• Intact IGFBP-3 (M(r), approximately 48 kDa) and low molecular IGFBP-3 fragments were not significantly different among the three groups [32].
• Immunoblotting analyses on SDS gels, using a monoclonal antibody specific to the AT1 receptor, showed two immunoreactive protein species of 45 and 48 kDa [33].
• The immunoreactivity of types I, III and V collagen, fibronectin and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) was studied by an immunogold labeling method in retinal vessels of rats with experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) induced by retinal S-antigen [34].
• The molecular mass of the induced form of plasminogen activator was estimated to be approximately 48 kDa [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sag

• Two subunits of 46 kDa and 48 kDa could be detected in SDS/PAGE, but only one subunit of 41 kDa was present after digestion with N-glycosidase [36].
• Gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 using 0.3 M NaCl for elution showed that the major liver poly(A) polymerase had a molecular weight of 156,000, which corresponded to a tetramer of the 38-kDa polypeptide, whereas the hepatoma and minor liver 48-kDa species existed as dimers with a molecular weight of 96,000 [1].
• The 48-kDa phosphoprotein was analyzed by proteolytic cleavage and peptide mapping in order to localize the site of phosphorylation within the receptor molecule [14].
• Epididymal 11beta-HSD1 expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis, with immunoreactive species identified at 34 kDa (the expected size for 11beta-HSD1) and at approximately 48 kDa [37].
• By using the technique of fibrin-agarose zymography, three bands of PA activity were detected at 4 and 7 days after castration: a major band with a molecular mass of approx. 30 kDa and two minor bands of 48 kDa and 64 kDa [38].

References