Disease relevance of GPR160

• We demonstrate that in squamous cell carcinoma cells, stimulation with the GPCR agonists LPA or carbachol specifically results in metalloprotease cleavage and release of amphiregulin (AR) [1].
• In addition to their physiological roles in the cardiovascular system (CVS), G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists such as noradrenaline, endothelin-1 and angiotensin II (Ang II) are known to be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy [2].
• Because RSK2-inactivating mutations in humans lead to Coffin-Lowry syndrome, our results imply that alterations in GPCR signaling may account for some of its clinical manifestations [3].
• This induction of permissive SOCE in response to soluble E-selectin and PAF was shown to act through a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) coupled to pertussis toxin-insensitive G(q/11) [4].
• Here we show that this G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is also aberrantly expressed in a high percentage of human acute myeloid leukemias [5].

Psychiatry related information on GPR160

• Many drugs of abuse signal through receptors that couple to G proteins (GPCRs), so the factors that control GPCR signaling are likely to be important to the understanding of drug abuse [6].
• Given the complexity of neurological disorders such as ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy, exploitation mGlu receptor-associated GPCR interactions may prove efficacious in the treatment of such disorders [7].

High impact information on GPR160

• Future high-resolution structural studies of rhodopsin and other GPCRs will form a basis to elucidate the detailed molecular mechanism of GPCR-mediated signal transduction [8].
• Significantly, GPCR-containing CCPs are also functionally distinct, as their surface residence time is regulated locally by GPCR cargo via PDZ-dependent linkage to the actin cytoskeleton [9].
• Our results reveal a novel function of betaarr1 as a cytoplasm-nucleus messenger in GPCR signaling and elucidate an epigenetic mechanism for direct GPCR signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus through signal-dependent histone modification [10].
• (2005) provide evidence that beta-arrestin 1 moves to the nucleus in response to GPCR stimulation, where it regulates gene expression by facilitating histone acetylation at specific gene promoters [11].
• A nuclear function of beta-arrestin1 in GPCR signaling: regulation of histone acetylation and gene transcription [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of GPR160

• In a variety of squamous cell carcinoma cell lines of the head and neck (HNSCCs), we found that treatment with the GPCR agonists lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), bradykinin, thrombin, and carbachol results in rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR [12].
• In PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells, both agents block lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)- and bradykinin-stimulated Erk 1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that intact focal adhesion complexes are required for GPCR-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in these cells [13].
• Here we report that a synthetic peptide derived from the NH2-terminal extracellular region of an orphan GPCR, GPR1 (GPR1ntP-(1-27); MEDLEETLFEEFENYSYDLDYYSLESC), inhibited infection of not only an HIV-1 variant that uses GPR1 as a co-receptor, but also X4, R5, and R5X4 viruses [14].
• Melatonin has been shown to bind to the MT1 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells to modulate the estrogen response pathway suppressing estrogen-induced estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) transcriptional activity, blunting ER/DNA binding activity and suppressing cell proliferation [15].
• This review focuses on the recent report of a mouse melanoma model, TG-3, which has implicated the ectopic expression of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (Grm1), a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), in melanomagenesis and metastasis [16].

Biological context of GPR160

• In addition, GRK phosphorylation by several other kinases has recently been shown to modulate its functionality, thus putting forward new feedback mechanisms connecting different signalling pathways to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) regulation [17].
• Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for thrombin, has been correlated with cell proliferation [18].
• Existence of multiple caveolin-rich microdomains and their expression of multiple modulators of signalling strengthen the evidence that caveolins and lipid rafts/caveolae organize and regulate GPCR signal transduction in eukaryotic cells [19].
• G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and arrestins are key participants in the canonical pathways leading to phosphorylation-dependent GPCR desensitization, endocytosis, intracellular trafficking and resensitization as well as in the modulation of important intracellular signaling cascades by GPCR [20].
• We show that inhibition of proHB-EGF processing blocks GPCR-induced EGFR transactivation and downstream signals [21].

Anatomical context of GPR160

• We hypothesized that the microtubular and actin cytoskeletons influence the expression and function of lipid rafts/caveolae, thereby regulating the distribution of GPCR signaling components that promote cAMP formation [22].
• Microtubules and actin filaments regulate plasma membrane topography, but their role in compartmentation of caveolae-resident signaling components, in particular G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and their stimulation of cAMP production, has not been defined [22].
• Recent evidence suggest that many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and signalling molecules localize in microdomains of the plasma membrane [23].
• Use of such approaches has documented that several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), and their cognate heterotrimeric G proteins and effectors, localize to lipid rafts/caveolae in neonatal cardiac myocytes [24].
• Our data suggest that OA1 represents the first example of an exclusively intracellular GPCR and support the hypothesis that GPCR-mediated signal transduction systems also operate at the internal membranes in mammalian cells [25].

Associations of GPR160 with chemical compounds

• Considerable evidence suggests that GPCR signalling components are organized together in membrane microdomains, in particular lipid rafts, enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids, and caveolae, a subset of lipid rafts that also possess the protein caveolin, whose scaffolding domain may serve as an anchor for signalling components [19].
• In this review, we demonstrate the role of lipid rafts in GPCR-G-protein signaling and also present our recent results showing that the wasp toxin mastoparan modifies G(q/11)-mediated phospholipase C activation through the interaction with gangliosides in lipid rafts [26].
• We provide here structural evidence that the protein product of the ocular albinism type 1 gene (OA1), a pigment cell-specific integral membrane glycoprotein, represents a novel member of the GPCR superfamily and demonstrate that it binds heterotrimeric G proteins [25].
• MAP kinase activation may result from stimulation of either tyrosine-kinase (RTK) receptors, which possess intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, or G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) [27].
• Over the past three years, three types of scaffolds for GPCR-directed complex assembly have been identified: transactivated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), integrin-based focal adhesions, and GPCRs themselves [28].

Other interactions of GPR160

• The G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) interactome: Role of GRKs in GPCR regulation and signaling [20].
• These results demonstrate that a mutant GPCR can be constructed such that internalization, normally an agonist-dependent process, can occur spontaneously without concomitant G protein activation [29].
• Recent evidence suggests that integrins modulate G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in hippocampal neurons [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GPR160

• Caveolae were originally identified based on their morphological appearance but their role in compartmentation of GPCR signalling has been primarily studied by biochemical techniques, such as subcellular fractionation and immunoprecipitation [19].
• Graded reductions in GPCR expression can be achieved through antisense strategies or total gene ablation or replacement can be achieved through gene targeting strategies, and exogenous expression of wild-type or mutant GPCR isoforms can be accomplished with transgenic technologies [31].
• Here, we report the molecular cloning of a novel GPCR for LTB(4), designated BLT2, which binds LTB(4) with a Kd value of 23 nM compared with 1.1 nM for BLT1, but still efficiently transduces intracellular signaling [32].
• Techniques: GPCR assembly, pharmacology and screening by flow cytometry [33].
• Using a degenerate PCR approach, we have identified 15 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) from human and rodent tissues [34].

References