Disease relevance of NAPSA

• Among these markers, napsin showed the highest specificity (94.3%) for adenocarcinoma in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma [1].
• The expression of napsin was examined in 118 lung tissues including 16 metastases by in situ hybridisation [1].
• We previously reported that the suppression of human Nck-associated protein 1 (Nap1) whose expression was down-regulated in sporadic AD led to apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells, and also its binding protein, hNap1BP was identified [2].
• Indicators measuring behavioural change and the attendance rate of patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were monitored through the established routine system, complemented by two Knowledge, Attitude and Practise (KAP) surveys in 1995 and 1999 [3].
• Therefore, we examined KAP on hypertension in a random sample of 1067 adults aged 25 to 64 years from the Seychelles Islands (Indian Ocean) [4].

Psychiatry related information on NAPSA

• CONCLUSION: The mental health KAP among these kibbutz members have not developed in parallel [5].
• PURPOSE: To (a) identify Chinese nurses' tobacco-related knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP), including perception of competency in smoking-cessation interventions; (b) identify barriers and facilitators to smoking cessation interventions to patients; and (c) assess the learning needs and smoking status of nurses [6].
• A health education program for cancer risk reduction was conducted among 649 students out of 896 for whom Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) had been obtained at the initial study [7].
• RESULTS: KAP scores of the intervention group were higher than the scores of the control group, suggesting that the prevention program helped mothers acquire greater knowledge and more appropriate attitudes and practices about child development [8].
• We aimed to test the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of physicians towards erectile dysfunction in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. At a scientific meeting about erectile dysfunction, 159 physicians from both government and private sectors answered a 34-item questionnaire in private [9].

High impact information on NAPSA

• Flow cytometry experiments demonstrated that plasma EPCR bound APC with an affinity similar to that previously determined for recombinant soluble EPCR (Kdapp = 30 nM) [10].
• NAP-1-IgG did not compete with 125I-NAP-1 for binding to neutrophils, which suggests that IgG anti-NAP-1 is a molecular trap that prevents binding of NAP-1 to neutrophils after it diffuses from production sites into the circulation [11].
• However, at pH 2.0 in 9 M urea approximately 15% of the total NAP-1 could be dissociated from the complex [11].
• Here it was examined how NAP1 interacts with chromatin fibers isolated from HeLa cells [12].
• The findings suggest a possible role of NAP1 in chromatin remodeling processes involved in transcription and replication by modulating the local linker histone content [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of NAPSA

• Relative efficacy of haemoperfusion, haemodialysis and CAPD in the removal of procainamide and NAPA in a patient with severe procainamide toxicity [13].
• TA02 (napsin A) associated with primary lung adenocarcinoma detected by the two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE), has a molecular weight of 35.0 kDa and an isoelectric point 5.29 [14].
• In this study, the actual analgesic intake (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, NAPAP, i.e. acetaminophen in urine) and progression of renal failure (1/crea method) in 127 outpatients with various renal diseases were investigated over a period of 7-150 months [15].
• PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution (Quixin; Santen, Napa, CA) with 0.3% ofloxacin (Ocuflox; Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA) and placebo for the treatment of pediatric bacterial conjunctivitis [16].

Biological context of NAPSA

• Addition of core histones can stimulate phosphorylation of NAP-1 and NAP-2 by CKII [17].
• Synthetic and recombinant NAP-1/IL-8 were equally active on human neutrophil granulocytes as determined by measuring the induction of cytosolic free calcium, elastase release, and chemotaxis [18].
• Activated platelets expose a specific, reversible high affinity (Kdapp congruent to 10 nM) binding site (n congruent to 1500 sites/platelet) for factor XI that requires the presence of high molecular weight kininogen (HK) and ZnCl2 (Greengard, J. S., Heeb, M. J., Ersdal, E., Walsh, P. N., and Griffin, J. H. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 3884-3890) [19].
• Recently, a cluster of seven human KAP multigen families has been identified on chromosome 17q12-21 among which were four hKAP1 genes (hKAP1.1B, hKAP1.3, hKAP1.4, and hKAP1.5) [20].
• Nuclear transport of KAP-GFP could be due to a putative nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signals identified in the sea urchin KAP primary sequence [21].

Anatomical context of NAPSA

• Furthermore, NAP-1 and NAP-2 phosphorylation in crude HeLa cell extracts is abolished by heparin, a specific inhibitor of CKII [17].
• The resulting antibody was employed in monitoring the expression of recombinant human napsin A in HEK293 cell line [22].
• This suggests that NAP-2 interacts with the neutrophil NAP-1 receptor [23].
• The purpose of this study was to determine if NAP-1 interacted with other types of blood leukocytes [24].
• In addition to its chemotactic activity for neutrophils, NAP-1 induced chemotactic responses by T lymphocytes and basophils [24].

Associations of NAPSA with chemical compounds

• For peptide 2 the largest absolute shifts were observed for Asp-1 and Asp-4, with the other aspartic acid residues also showing significant but smaller changes [25].
• The fact that NAPAP and MD-805 require different stereochemistry for potent inhibition is demonstrated, and its structural basis clarified [26].
• The most potent inhibitor of the benzamidine type is N alpha-[(2-naphthylsulfonyl)glycyl]-4-amidinophenylalanylpiperid ide (NAPAP) [27].
• NAP-1 was first purified from culture fluids of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood mononuclear leukocytes [28].
• On the basis of the X-ray crystal structure of the peptide-like thrombin inhibitor NAPAP complexed with bovine thrombin, we have designed a new structural class of nonpeptidic inhibitors employing a 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazole as the central scaffold [29].

Physical interactions of NAPSA

• In contrast, elegantin recognized two classes of binding sites on the alpha IIb beta 3 complex with Kdapp values of 10.5 +/- 0.8 nM and 175 +/- 10 nM, and, unlike dendroaspin, did not inhibit the binding of 125I-labelled kistrin to ADP-activated platelets [30].

Other interactions of NAPSA

• Comparison of BACE to other aspartic proteases such as cathepsin D and E, napsin A, pepsin, and renin revealed little similarity with respect to the substrate preference and inhibitor profile [31].
• A novel aspartic proteinase, called napsin, has recently been found in human and mouse [22].
• Thyroid transcription factor-1 showed the same sensitivity (84.6%) as napsin for adenocarcinoma, whereas surfactant protein-A and surfactant protein-B showed lower sensitivities [1].
• These results demonstrate that N-terminal amino acid Asp-4 is involved in the epitope recognized by anti-Tac, and that IL-2 binding site and anti-Tac binding site are structurally separable from each other in the Tac molecule [32].
• In competition studies, dendroaspin blocked the binding of 125I-labelled kistrin to ADP-activated platelets in a simple competitive manner, with an apparent equilibrium inhibition constant (Kiapp) of 143 +/- 14 nM, from which an indirect Kdapp = 22 nM for dendroaspin was determined [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of NAPSA

• Northern blot analysis showed expression of napsin also in normal lung and kidney tissue, and in situ hybridization showed expression in type II alveolar cells of the lung [33].
• Western blot analysis confirmed the specificity of the antibody and showed that human napsin A is expressed as a single chain protein with the molecular weight of approximately 38 kDa [22].
• Deprotection resulted in crude products, which were allowed to fold by air oxidation, and were purified by two cycles of reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, yielding 27 mg of NAP-1/IL-8 and 22 mg of NAP-2 [18].
• The ELISA for free NAP-1 used a monoclonal capture antibody that did not bind NAP-1-IgG [11].
• The effect of NAP1 on the chromatin fiber structure was examined by scanning/atomic force microscopy [12].

References