Disease relevance of Paragonimus

• In this study, we investigated whether cysteine proteases in the excretory-secretory product (ESP) produced by Paragonimus westermani newly excysted metacercariae (PwNEM), which cause pulmonary or extrapulmonary paragonimiasis in human beings, could modify effector functions of human eosinophils stimulated with IgG [1].
• These results show that Paragonimus westermani infection can induce an extraordinarily high level of eosinophilia with an associated increase in IL-5 production [2].
• Menichlopholan, biphenyl compound, in a single dose of 2 mg/kg body weight, gave a 73%-90% cure rate in the treatment of pulmonary infections due to Paragonimus uterobilateralis at two centers in Nigeria. Ninety-five patients were followed up for 4 months, and 58 for 1 year [3].
• Data from case reports and clinical trials in humans infected with Fasciola spp. and Paragonimus spp. are summarised and the current state of triclabendazole regarding treatment of human fascioliasis and paragonimiasis is described [4].

High impact information on Paragonimus

• Ag bearing this epitope were also present in the sera of hosts infected with a variety of helminths, including Brugia, Onchocerca, Dirofilaria, and Paragonimus [5].
• Cysteine protease secreted by Paragonimus westermani attenuates effector functions of human eosinophils stimulated with immunoglobulin G [1].
• The divergence of the ND1 lineages is shown by phylogenetic analysis not only to predate the divergence of the three Paragonimus species or species groups investigated but also the divergence of some trematode families [6].
• Excretory-secretory antigenic components of Paragonimus heterotremus recognized by infected human sera [7].
• Excretory-secretory products secreted by Paragonimus westermani delay the spontaneous cell death of human eosinophils through autocrine production of GM-CSF [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Paragonimus

• The effect of albendazole therapy was studied in 6 cats with pulmonary paragonimiasis induced by experimental inoculation of metacercariae (25/cat) of Paragonimus kellicotti [9].
• The effect of fenbendazole therapy was studied in 9 dogs with pulmonary paragonimiasis induced by inoculation of metacercariae (25/dog) of Paragonimus kellicotti [10].

Biological context of Paragonimus

• A complete cDNA sequence encoding a 28-kDa cruzipain-like cysteine protease of adult Paragonimus westermani, termed Pw28CCP, was isolated from an adult cDNA library [11].
• IgG and IgM antibody responses to fluke cysteine proteinases in Paragonimus ohirai- and Fasciola sp.-infected rats were followed by means of cystatin capture ELISA using fluke excretory-secretory products for 10 weeks after infection [12].
• The status of the genera Euparagonimus Chen, 1963 and Pagumogonimus Chen, 1963 relative to Paragonimus Braun, 1899 was investigated using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1) gene (partial) and the nuclear ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) [13].
• The deduced amino acid sequence has the sequence homology with the cysteine proteinase genes of Paragonimus westermani metacercaria, Schistosoma mansoni, human cathepsin L and Fasciola hepatica, each by 45.3%, 45.9%, 57.9% and 50.8% respectively [14].

Anatomical context of Paragonimus

• An IgM monoclonal antibody (mAb) that reacted with the gut epithelium and luminal contents of adult Paragonimus ohirai was prepared from a mouse immunized with the excretory/secretory (ES) products of the parasite [15].
• Morphological features of spermatozoa of Paragonimus ohirai (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes) examined by a silver nitrate staining technique [16].
• Evaluation of formol saline and phenol glycerol solution for the preservation of Paragonimus eggs in sputum [17].
• The cell content of the peritoneal exudate was examined 4 days after an intraperitoneal injection of glycogen in uninfected and Paragonimus westermani-infected guinea pigs [18].
• Cytochemical localization of cytochrome c oxidase activity in mitochondria in the tegument and tegumental and parenchymal cells of the trematodes Echinostoma trivolvis, Zygocotyle lunata, Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola gigantica and Paragonimus ohirai [19].

Associations of Paragonimus with chemical compounds

• Relapse of Paragonimus westermani lung infection after bithionol therapy [20].
• Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in Clonorchis sinensis and Paragonimus ohirai [21].
• Albendazole for treatment of Paragonimus kellicotti infection in two cats [22].
• Identification of a new fluke allergen identified by monoclonal IgE antibodies for Paragonimus miyazakii [23].
• Paragonimus westermani: a cytosolic glutathione S-transferase of a sigma-class in adult stage [24].

Gene context of Paragonimus

• Production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 by splenocytes in mice infected with Paragonimus westermani [25].
• The TH cytokine responses of spleen cells stimulated with Con A from mice infected with Paragonimus westermani were examined [25].
• According to both ITS2 and COI data, genetic distances among P. westermani isolates equalled or exceeded those between some distinct species of Paragonimus [26].
• Detection of Paragonimus heterotremus eggs in experimentally infected cats by a polymerase chain reaction-based method [27].
• Phylogenetic trees inferred from cox1 and ITS-2 sequences using sequence data for 15 P. heterotremus and for other Paragonimus spp. revealed that all P. heterotremus originating from Vietnam, Thailand and China form a distinct group [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Paragonimus

• Antigenic components of Paragonimus heterotremus metabolic products were revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblot analysis of sera from patients with P. heterotremus infection, from patients with other illnesses, and from healthy adults [7].
• Clinical trials of bithionol in treating Paragonimus westermani lung infection have been conducted in areas of endemic infection [20].
• Molecular cloning and characterization of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase of Paragonimus westermani [29].
• Cloning of a cysteine proteinase cDNA of adult Paragonimus westermani by polymerase chain reaction [30].

References