Disease relevance of Laryngeal Masks

• Salbutamol via the laryngeal mask airway for relief of bronchospasm [1].
• Does benzydamine hydrochloride applied preemptively reduce sore throat due to laryngeal mask airway [2]?
• HYPOTHESIS: The use of laryngeal mask airway and propofol in inguinal hernia repair results in shorter operative and recovery room times [3].
• The total dose of propofol needed to insert the laryngeal mask was lower in the suxamethonium group (2.57 vs. 3.25 mg.kg-1, p < 0. 01) and was associated with less hypotension (p < 0.05) [4].
• We report the case of a 3 1/2-yr-old patient with TCS undergoing cleft palate repair and discuss fiberoptic intubation through a laryngeal mask airway using two endotracheal (ETT) tubes secured via an ETT connector [5].

High impact information on Laryngeal Masks

• After a short training programme 11 naval medical trainees inserted a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and a tracheal tube (ETT) in random order in a total of 110 anaesthetised patients [6].
• 2. The breathing pattern and firing timing of TA muscle activation were determined in ten MSA patients, anaesthetized with propofol and breathing through the laryngeal mask airway, while the behaviour of the laryngeal aperture was being observed endoscopically [7].
• METHODS: Seventy children, aged 2-6 yr, scheduled to undergo elective surgery were randomly allocated to undergo propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia while breathing spontaneously through a laryngeal mask airway [8].
• The tested hypothesis was that patients breathing equivalent concentrations of desflurane or sevoflurane through a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) would have similar responses [9].
• BACKGROUND: Currently, the manufacturer of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA; Laryngeal Mask Company, Ltd., Northfield End, Henley on Thames, Oxon, United Kingdom) recommends using as large a mask size as possible [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Laryngeal Masks

• RESULTS: Postoperative pain scores were lower (P < .001) at removal of the laryngeal mask and 30 minutes later in the bupivacaine group [11].
• There was agreement that insufficient data exist to recommend changes to current guidelines regarding the use of 21% versus 100% oxygen, neuroprotective interventions such as cerebral hypothermia, use of a laryngeal mask versus endotracheal tube, and use of high-dose epinephrine [12].
• As tracheal intubations and tracheotomy increase the risk of the disease spreading to the trachea and bronchi, an example is given of treating laryngeal papillomatosis with potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser, using a laryngeal mask as an airway to avoid tracheal intubation [13].
• In adults sevoflurane could be preferred to desflurane because it allows rapid induction and laryngeal mask insertion or tracheal intubation without myorelaxants, a similar time of recovery, no clinical evidence for renal and hepatic toxicity, no more costs for anaesthesia for a lower MAC [14].

Biological context of Laryngeal Masks

• The sevoflurane concentration was increased, a laryngeal mask was inserted, and then the sevoflurane concentration was decreased until H-reflex amplitude (recorded over the soleus muscle) recovered [15].
• The decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, following induction and the insertion of a laryngeal mask with propofol was significantly greater than following thiopentone (p < 0.05--systolic, p < 0.01--diastolic) [16].
• The effect on intraocular pressure of tracheal intubation or laryngeal mask insertion during sevoflurane anaesthesia in children without the use of muscle relaxants [17].
• A prospective observational study of the use of the Proseal laryngeal mask airway for postpartum tubal ligation [18].
• Pediatric plastic surgery in a day hospital: use of propofol and a laryngeal mask [19].

Anatomical context of Laryngeal Masks

• METHODS: The airway mucosa of the larynx, tracheal carina, and bronchi were stimulated by injection of distilled water (0.5 ml) at two different depths of sevoflurane anesthesia (1.2 and 1.8 MAC) in 11 female subjects breathing spontaneously through the laryngeal mask airway [20].
• Positioning of the epiglottis when the Brain laryngeal mask airway is in place was studied in 20 adult patients, using a new technique of insertion [21].
• Brush biopsies of nasal mucosa were taken pre- and post-anaesthesia with isoflurane, given via a laryngeal mask, from patients undergoing nasal surgery [22].
• The Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) was developed in the 1980s, but has only recently begun to be used in Emergency Medicine. The LMA affords effective assisted ventilation without requiring endotracheal intubation or visualization of the glottis [23].

Associations of Laryngeal Masks with chemical compounds

• Influence of nitrous oxide on minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for laryngeal mask insertion in children [24].
• After 10 min of isoflurane, the resistance decreased to 8.6+/-3.6 cm water x 1(-1) x s(-1) in the endotracheal tube group but remained unchanged at 9.1+/-3.3 cm water x 1(-1) x s(-1) in the laryngeal mask airway group [25].
• In the absence of data on the anatomic localization of the cuff of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in children, radiologic images were obtained from 50 infants and children (aged 1 month to 15 yr) undergoing diagnostic radiologic procedures during halothane and N2O:O2 anesthesia [26].
• Desflurane enhances reactivity during the use of the laryngeal mask airway [9].
• Breath interval was recorded before and after a single dose of fentanyl 0.75 microgram kg-1 i.v. Breath interval was measured between the start of successive inspirations, identified by a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration, sampled at the laryngeal mask connection [27].

Gene context of Laryngeal Masks

• These alternatives include the laryngeal mask airway (LMA; LMA North America, San Diego, CA), cuffed oropharyngeal airway (COPA; Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, MO), and Combitube (Kendall-Sheridan, Mansfield, MA), that have been designed to act as bridges to establish an airway [28].
• BACKGROUND: The intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA; Fastrach; Laryngeal Mask Company, Henley-on-Thames, UK) may provide an alternative technique to fiberoptic intubation (FIB) to facilitate the management of the anticipated difficult airway [29].
• We compared the effects of the Brain laryngeal mask airway with a tracheal tube on intra-ocular pressure [30].
• Fiberoptic tracheal intubation through a laryngeal mask airway in a child with Treacher Collins syndrome [5].
• Gastroesophageal reflux with the laryngeal mask [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Laryngeal Masks

• Dose of propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion in children: effect of premedication with midazolam [32].
• In 12 patients to whom a non-depolarising neuromuscular relaxant had been given and in whom placement of the laryngeal mask had failed unexpectedly, the view of the larynx at laryngoscopy and the ease of tracheal intubation were examined [33].
• Forty-eight patients (ASA physical status I-III) were randomized to receive either propofol-nitrous oxide general anesthesia with a laryngeal mask airway with anesthetic depth titrated to a bispectral index level of 40-60, 15-20 mL of 3% 2-chloroprocaine epidural, or 75 mg of subarachnoid procaine with 20 microg fentanyl [34].
• METHODS: We studied 14 patients undergoing laparoscopy for minor gynaecological procedures, anaesthetized with isoflurane in nitrous oxide, and breathing spontaneously through a laryngeal mask airway [35].
• Twelve elderly patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty received lumbar epidural anaesthesia and propofol infusion at 5 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) following a 1.5-2.0 mg.kg(-1) bolus dose with preservation of spontaneous respiration via a laryngeal mask airway [36].

References