Disease relevance of Epiglottis

• Such incomplete loss of TTF-2 function may account for the absence of choanal atresia and bifid epiglottis in our patients, anomalies which were present together with CH and cleft palate in two other individuals with the only other, more deleterious, TTF-2 mutation (A65V) described previously [1].
• A significant antibody response to capsular polysaccharide was observed in serum samples from the majority of patients with infections due to H. influenzae type b and in 4 of 16 patients with clinical signs of epiglottis and cellulitis [2].
• No morphological sign of edema was found in the epiglottis after injection of substance P or capsaicin [3].
• Acute upper airway obstruction. Sodium warfarin-induced hemorrhage into the base of the tongue and epiglottis [4].
• Angioedema for the epiglottis associated with enalapril [5].

High impact information on Epiglottis

• Tissue specimens were then taken from the tongue, epiglottis, and forestomach of each animal and immunohistochemically stained for markers of cellular proliferation (Ki67 nuclear antigen) or differentiation (cytokeratins 1, 4, 10, 11, 14, and 19) [6].
• Hoarseness developed in a 60-year-old man that was secondary to ulcerated lesions, which involved the epiglottis and aryteno-epiglottic folds, with serologic evidence of SLE after he had been treated with hydralazine for six months [7].
• CONCLUSION: Increasing depth of propofol anesthesia in children is associated with upper airway narrowing that occurs throughout the entire upper airway and is most pronounced in the hypopharynx at the level of the epiglottis [8].
• No correlation was found between the size of the LMA and the position of the epiglottis with respect to end-tidal CO2, respiratory rate, or the leak pressures [9].
• Patient information, including midline distance from teeth/gums to prevertebral space (L1) and distance along a perpendicular line from L1 to the epiglottis tip (L2), was recorded [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Epiglottis

• After inhalational induction with sevoflurane in the operating room, direct laryngoscopy revealed marked edema of supraglottic structures including epiglottis, uvula and aryepiglottic folds and the larynx was not visualized [11].
• CONCLUSIONS: Allergen challenge induces a marked edema in the epiglottis but not in the subglottic area [12].
• Although it is used extensively in Europe, there is a limited amount of published data concerning pediatric clinical experience with cefuroxime in the United States. Thirty-six children, ranging from 3.5 to 57 months of age, received intravenous cefuroxime (75 mg/kg/day in three divided doses) for soft-tissue infections of the face or epiglottis [13].

Biological context of Epiglottis

• A questionnaire was sent to all tutors asking them to indicate their preferred choice of anaesthetic technique, and whether they believed inhalation induction with sevoflurane to be acceptable, in each of four scenarios: acute epiglottis; bleeding after tonsillectomy; appendicitis; and laparotomy in the shocked patient [14].

Anatomical context of Epiglottis

• Computerised axial tomography (coronal plane) was used to measure the vertical distance between the tip of the epiglottis (E) and (1) the soft palate (SP) (i.e. E-SP distance) and (2) the dorsal wall of the nasopharynx (N) (i.e. E-N distance) [15].
• Responses were recorded from single fibers of the sheep superior laryngeal nerve during stimulation of the epiglottis with 0.5 M KCl, NH4Cl, NaCl and LiCl, distilled water, 0.005 M citric acid, and 0.01 N HCl [16].
• While most types of cartilage in humans are believed to be of mesenchymal origin, embryologic relationship between epiglottal cartilage and the neural crest may play a role in the curious phenomenon of the regular presence of GFAP in the chondrocytes of the epiglottis [17].
• The distribution of substance P (SP)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the taste buds of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds was compared between normoxic control and chronically isocapnic hypoxic rats (10% O2 and 3-4% CO2 for 3 months) [18].
• By means of laryngeal microdissection and whole mount orcein staining, distinct bands of fascial condensations were identified running from the lateral edge of the epiglottis just superior to the attachment of the median hyoepiglottic ligament to the hyoid bone near the ends of the greater horns [19].

Associations of Epiglottis with chemical compounds

• All patients had a nasotracheal tube placed in the operating room, were treated with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, and tracheal extubation was performed when the epiglottis was markedly reduced in size to a point where examiners estimated the thickness of the proximal portion of the epiglottis to be 3-4 mm or less [20].
• Flow was measured using a pneumotachometer and a sealed face mask; epiglottic pressure by a latex balloon placed just above the epiglottis and choanal pressure by anterior rhinometry [21].
• Radiographic anatomy measured included the angle of the valleculae, retropharyngeal soft tissue width at C2, retrotracheal soft tissue width at C6, width of the epiglottis, width of the aryepiglottic folds, and the hypopharyngeal to tracheal air column ratio [22].
• The abnormality of the epiglottis was corrected by use of a sedative dose of xylazine hydrochloride [23].
• Substance P- and CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers and numerous mast cells were found in the epiglottis and in the subglottic region of the larynx [24].

Gene context of Epiglottis

• We found G90 expression in specific structures of the developing head, namely the brain, inner and middle ear, olfactory epithelium, vomeronasal organ, nasopharynx, oropharynx, papillae of the tongue and oral cavity, pituitary gland and epiglottis [25].
• We report two brothers with bifid epiglottis who also have features suggestive of Bardet-Biedl syndrome [26].
• Biopsy specimens from the epiglottis showed diffuse replacement of the subepithelial region by amyloid, which showed a typical green birefringence under polarized light [27].
• A cone-shaped midline swelling, the epiglottis, appeared in the ventral midline of arches III and IV [28].
• The frequency of ABO blood groups was analysed separately in cases of epiglottis cancer (n = 153) and glottis cancer (n = 37) [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Epiglottis

• Concurrent burst suppression and alpha pattern coma developed in the EEG of a 2-year-old child who suffered a cardiac arrest secondary to hypoxemia from Haemophilus influenza epiglottis [30].

References