Disease relevance of Urinary Incontinence

• BACKGROUND: Urge urinary incontinence in multiple sclerosis patients is usually due to detrusor hyperreflexia [1].
• Interestingly, 4 patients (1 with SCA2, 1 with SCA3, and 2 with SCA6) were misdiagnosed as having multiple-system atrophy because of the absence of family history and the presence of parkinsonism and urinary incontinence [2].
• Her depression and urinary incontinence were symptomatically treated with d-amphetamine prior to diagnosis of bilateral frontal lobe meningiomas [3].
• CONCLUSIONS: Stress induced urinary incontinence in spinocerebellar degeneration had various underlying mechanisms [4].
• PURPOSE: The reports of efficacy of periurethral collagen injection (Contigen, Bard, Covington, Georgia) for treatment of urinary incontinence in the myelomeningocele population are limited and variable [5].

Psychiatry related information on Urinary Incontinence

• Furthermore, pharmacological agents that depress or block dopamine activity produce urinary incontinence or enuresis, while those drugs augmenting the noradrenergic system facilitate continence [6].
• The clinical spectrum of normal pressure hydrocephalus is thought to comprise the triad of hypokinetic gait disorder, dementia and urinary incontinence [7].
• These developments translate into higher patient compliance and better long-term results with the newer agents over generic immediate-release oxybutynin for the treatment of the overactive bladder [8].
• For most patients, low-dose thiazides such as hydrochlorothiazide are likely to be the appropriate first-line therapy (even in patients who have diabetes) unless they exacerbate or precipitate urinary incontinence or gout or complicate concomitant drug therapy (eg, lithium treatment of bipolar disorder) [9].
• ANA endorses guidelines for smoking cessation, urinary incontinence [10].

High impact information on Urinary Incontinence

• Antagonists to P2X3 may therefore have therapeutic potential in the treatment of disorders of urine storage and voiding such as overactive bladder [11].
• Although patients with urinary incontinence have been treated successfully by periurethral injection of polytef paste, this study in continent animals demonstrates migration of polytef particles from the injection site [12].
• Urinary incontinence associated with metoclopramide [13].
• However, only pharmacotherapy for urge incontinence has advanced to the level at which several drugs that have undergone rigorous scientific testing using randomized controlled trials have received FDA approval; these are the antimuscarinic and anticholinergic/direct smooth muscle relaxant drugs [14].
• Urinary incontinence: an unrecognised adverse effect with donepezil [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Urinary Incontinence

• Emepronium bromide in urinary incontinence [16].
• Flunarizine: a once-daily therapy for urinary incontinence [17].
• Paradoxically, the most successful antagonist approved for use in urinary incontinence is the nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist tolterodine [18].
• By combining the dose-urge urinary incontinence and dose-dry mouth relationship, a wider therapeutic index was predicted for oxybutynin XL than for immediate-release oxybutynin [19].
• BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Duloxetine, a potent dual reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine currently undergoing clinical investigation for treatment of depression and stress urinary incontinence, has the potential to act as both a substrate and an inhibitor of cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) [20].

Biological context of Urinary Incontinence

• In 7 of 11 VD cases, vasopressin mRNA levels were significantly reduced which may contribute to urinary incontinence, one of the most common clinical symptoms in VD, and to the lower blood pressure values that are often registered at the later stages of the VD [21].
• Urodynamic properties and neurotransmitter dependence of urinary bladder contractility in the BK channel deletion model of overactive bladder [22].
• Differences in the effects of urinary incontinence agents S-oxybutynin and terodiline on cardiac K(+) currents and action potentials [23].
• To clarify pharmacological usefulness of transdermal oxybutynin in the therapy of overactive bladder, we have characterized muscarinic receptor binding in rat tissues with measurement of plasma concentrations of oxybutynin and its metabolite N-desethyl-oxybutynin (DEOB) and salivation after transdermal oxybutynin compared with oral route [24].
• AIM: To evaluate the effects of tolterodine and oxybutynin on visual accommodation, pupillary diameter, intraocular pressure and tear secretion in women with overactive bladder [25].

Anatomical context of Urinary Incontinence

• An intravesical instillation of 100 ml 1 or 2 mmol/l capsaicin has been used to treat detrusor hyperreflexia giving rise to intractable urinary incontinence in 12 patients with spinal cord disease and two other patients with detrusor overactivity of non-spinal origin [26].
• OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of intravaginal estriol administration on urinary incontinence, urogenital atrophy, and recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women [27].
• A randomized controlled trial of duloxetine alone, pelvic floor muscle training alone, combined treatment and no active treatment in women with stress urinary incontinence [28].
• Tolterodine, a competitive, nonselective antimuscarinic specifically developed for the treatment of overactive bladder, demonstrated tissue selectivity for the bladder over the parotid gland in an animal model [29].
• It is believed that the phenylpropanolamine component of Ornade stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors at the vesical neck and in the proximal urethra to achieve the therapeutic effect of reducing or eliminating stress urinary incontinence [30].

Gene context of Urinary Incontinence

• Further evaluation of antimuscarinic effects on bradycardia and pressor in pithed rats, and on tremor in mice, showed that YM-46303 can be useful for the treatment of urinary urge incontinence as a bladder-selective M3 antagonist with potent activities and fewer side effects [31].
• The role of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and p53 in development of stress urinary incontinence [32].
• Such pathology has been implicated in the conditions of detrusor instability, urinary incontinence and outlet obstruction. iNOS may play an important role in inflammatory and infectious conditions of the bladder [33].
• These results reveal a central role for BK channels in urinary bladder function and indicate that BK channel dysfunction leads to overactive bladder and urinary incontinence [34].
• PURPOSE: Overactive bladder symptoms due to various etiologies have been successfully treated with capsaicin by desensitization of the temperature sensitive vanilloid receptor TRPV1 [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Urinary Incontinence

• Based on this case and a literature review, we suggest that 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy be performed early when evaluating girls with urinary incontinence [36].
• PURPOSE: The current study was done to elucidate the in vivo mechanism of action of intravesical instillation of oxybutynin to treat overactive bladder [37].
• Combination treatment with propiverine hydrochloride plus doxazosin controlled release gastrointestinal therapeutic system formulation for overactive bladder and coexisting benign prostatic obstruction: a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter study [38].
• PURPOSE: Durasphere (Carbon Medical Technologies, St. Paul, Minnesota) is a newly approved injectable agent for stress urinary incontinence [39].
• CONCLUSIONS: Transdermal delivery of oxybutynin resulted in comparable efficacy and a significantly improved anticholinergic side effect profile compared with oral administration in adults with urge urinary incontinence [40].

References