Disease relevance of Ethaminal

• By comparison, pretreatments with either the PB-type or MCA-type PCB's (50-200 mumol/kg) diminished mitoinhibitory toxicity of 2-FAA in vivo, as measured by hepatic regenerative growth and hepatocyte labeling indices 7 days after partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats given 3 consecutive daily doses of 2-FAA (20/mg/kg/day) before PH [1].
• The time course of ventricular arrhythmias in the early period (0--30 minutes) after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was studied in 41 open-chest mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal) [2].
• Female C57BL/6 mice received a hindfoot amputation under anesthesia with Nembutal i.p. Twenty-four hr later, amputated and control groups were sacrificed, spleens were harvested, and cytotoxicity assays were performed using 51Cr-labeled Yac-1 lymphoma target cells [3].
• Concentrations for 50% inhibition in chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides (at 0.4 microM reaction center) are 2 microM for undecyl-, 3 microM for octyl-, and 40 microM for pentyl-substituted hydroxynaphthoquinones [4].
• In 3 cats in which similar procedures were compared under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, there were smaller and less consistent changes in responses to BP changes alone and to hypoxia and its associated BP changes [5].

Psychiatry related information on Ethaminal

• They were then subjected to amnestic treatments with electroshock, leptazol, pentobarbitone, or ether anesthesia [6].
• Ether and pentobarbitone anesthesia failed to produce amnesia in all three tasks [6].
• We report the effects of a fraction (F1) obtained from Himanthalia elongata on spontaneous locomotor activity, hypermotility, motor coordination, rectal temperature, pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis, pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions and analgesic activity in the writhing and hot-plate tests [7].
• Neither ovulation nor the preovulatory gonadotropin rises with their accompanying changes in incorporation in the ME and the AP, were altered by Nembutal administered after the pro-oestrous critical period [8].
• Pentobarbitone anaesthesia in an animal model of huntington's disease [9].

High impact information on Ethaminal

• Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with Nembutal and were intravenously injected with 1 mg/kg of F(ab')2 or Fab fraction of either monoclonal antibody 5I2, which inhibits the function of rat counterpart of mouse Crry/p65, or monoclonal antibody 6D1, which inhibits the rat counterpart of CD59 [10].
• Cytocidal toxicity of 2-FAA (25-400 microM), determined by lactate dehydrogenase release during 20 hours in primary monolayer cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes, was reduced by in vivo pretreatment with either phenobarbitone [(PB) CAS: 50-06-6] or 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP), a PB-type PCB inducer [1].
• Under nembutal anesthesia, the placenta of 60-65-d-old pregnant guinea pigs was surgically exposed, a single umbilical artery and the umbilical vein were cannulated, and the fetus was removed [11].
• Rats were anesthetized with Nembutal, the pancreas was exposed, and a 2- to 3-mm incision was made in the "head" of the pancreas approximately 1 cm from the duodenum [12].
• Pentobarbitone greatly enhances GABA-evoked currents, whereas the neurosteroid 5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one demonstrates a large reduction in both the potency and maximal effect when compared with its actions upon vertebrate GABA type A receptors [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Ethaminal

• 5. Under pentobarbitone or Saffan, the hypoventilation induced by I.V. dopamine and by O2 indicated that almost 50% of eupnoeic ventilation was due to drive from peripheral chemoreceptors [14].
• 1. The influence of some drugs which affect the dopaminergic system was studied on chemosensory responses to dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), sodium cyanide NaCN) and hypoxia during experiments on pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats in which chemoreceptor activity was recorded from the peripheral end of a sectioned sinus nerve [15].
• OBJECTIVE: The aim was to test whether infarct size limitation by adenosine A1 receptor activation is mediated by protein kinase C. METHOD: In the first series of experiments, myocardial infarction was induced in rabbits under pentobarbitone anaesthesia by 30 min coronary artery occlusion and 3 h reperfusion [16].
• The chemoreceptor reflex, produced by retrograde injections of lobeline into the lingual artery, was partially affected by topical application of sodium pentobarbitone: the evoked bradycardia was attenuated but the tachypnoea and hypertension were not affected [17].
• OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel inhibitor sodium 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) on the reduction in myocardial infarct size afforded by ischaemic preconditioning in the sodium pentobarbitone rabbit [18].

Biological context of Ethaminal

• METHODS: Male rats were anaesthetised with sodium pentobarbitone, and mean arterial blood pressure monitored during repeated colorectal balloon inflation before and after treatment with alosetron or saline [19].
• In pentobarbitone-anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats, intravenous rilmenidine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced blood pressure and heart rate [20].
• The affinity of diacridines for both alpha-adrenoceptor classes has a parabolic dependence on alkyl chain length with the hexyl and pentyl derivatives being the most potent at the alpha 1- (Ki = 11.5 +/- 2.3 nM) and alpha 2- (Ki = 143 +/- 26 nM) binding sites, respectively [21].
• Thus, intracarotid perfusion of nembutal increased the synaptosomal phosphorylation state both in normoxic and in hypoxic animals, whereas the effect on the metabolism of the contralateral cortical motor area as a whole was in all cases less than that observed in the synaptosomal fraction [22].
• The 4-POBN adducts detected by ESR are very similar to, if not identical with, ethyl and pentyl radical adducts, providing evidence of in vivo lipid peroxidation resulting from asbestos exposure [23].

Anatomical context of Ethaminal

• One week later, ascending aortic and/or pulmonary artery flow and pressure (catheter tip manometer) were measured under general anesthesia (Nembutal, 30 mg/kg, iv) [24].
• Bile was collected by bile duct cannulation under intraperitoneal anesthesia with nembutal/ketamine [25].
• In six adult mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (Nembutal), 5F leads were placed through femoral and external jugular veins and placed into the right atrium and His bundle region [26].
• The synaptosomal fractions obtained from the motor area of the cerebral cortex of normocapnic, normoxic, or hypoxic, untreated beagle dogs and of pentobarbital (Nembutal)- or cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-choline-treated dogs were incubated and analyzed for ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate, pyruvate, and lactate [22].
• The effect of indomethacin on rCBF was studied in cats anesthetized with Nembutal either under resting conditions or with temporary middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion [27].

Associations of Ethaminal with other chemical compounds

• No effect was observed when 0.1 mM ketamine, Nembutal, hypoxanthine, sucrose, ascorbic acid, or benzo(e)pyrene was added to cultures of replicating hepatocytes [28].
• To address this issue, 9 sympathectomized (6-hydroxydopamine) and 10 vehicle-treated, 12-week-old, pentobarbitone-anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto rats were subjected to atrial pacing via a transjugular catheter at 5 different randomly sequenced rates (280, 310, 340, 370, and 400 bpm) [29].
• This results in low bioavailability, substantial interpatient variability in 'steady-state' plasma drug concentrations, rapid elimination half-lives and the possibility of drug interactions with other drugs such as pentobarbitone and cimetidine which affect hepatic enzymes [30].
• The activity of antidromically identified supraoptic neurosecretory neurones was recorded in Sprague-Dawley rats under urethane or sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia during cooling of the body with a cold pack [31].
• 3. GABA-evoked currents mediated by human mutant GABAA receptors expressing the RDL methionine residue (i.e. alpha6beta3N289Mgamma2L) were potentiated by propofol or pentobarbitone with approximately 2-fold reduced potency and, in the case of propofol, reduced maximal effect [32].
• Pentobarbital altered the rates of cysteine modification by methanethiosulfonate reagents differently than GABA [33].

Gene context of Ethaminal

• Additionally, when the ovulatory signal, the endogenous LH surge, is blocked in vivo by pentobarbitone sodium, the expression of SUMO-1 protein in granulosa cells is increased [34].
• Using zone-of-inhibition and fixed-concentration assays, we found that the ethyl, propyl, and butyl compounds are strong PDR5 substrates, whereas the methyl and pentyl compounds are weak [35].
• Y4 receptor-knockout mice, anaesthetised with sodium pentobarbitone, displayed slower heart rate, indicated by a higher pulse interval and lower blood pressure compared to control mice [36].
• The ability of the neurohypophyseal hormones and related synthetic peptides to potentiate the action of synthetic ovine corticotropin releasing factor (CRF-41) was examined using male rats whose endogenous CRF release was blocked with chlorpromazine, morphine and nembutal [37].
• Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was infused into the aorta of pentobarbitone-anesthetized rats (n = 12) in stepwise increasing doses of 0.001 to 10 micrograms/rat at rates varying from 0.3 pmol/min/kg to 3000 pmol/min/kg over 3 min [38].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Ethaminal

• Two days before the experiments, metal cannulas were stereotaxically positioned bilaterally into specific areas of the brain, and metal gastric cannulas were operatively implanted, under nembutal anesthesia, in male 250-g Sprague-Dawley rats [39].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: In 21 pigs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone (16) or alpha-chloralose (5), left circumflex blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter [40].
• Using laser Doppler flowmetry, inflammatory vascular responses were monitored in the base of vacuum-induced blisters in the hind footpad of anesthetized rats (65 mg/kg Nembutal) [41].
• The right cremaster muscles of pentabarbital anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (6-8 weeks old) were exposed and prepared for fluorescent videomicroscopy [42].
• In cats anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose or sodium pentobarbitone a study was made of the effects of supraspinal electrical stimulation on the excitation of dorsal horn neurones by noxious and non-noxious cutaneous stimuli [43].

References