Disease relevance of Urecholine

• Bethanechol produced chest pain with manometric change in 2 patients [1].
• Double-blind controlled trial of bethanechol and antacid versus placebo and antacid in the treatment of erosive esophagitis [2].
• Our study indicates that metoclopramide, both parenterally and orally, increased the rate of gastric emptying in those reflux esophagitis patients in whom it was delayed, while bethanechol did not improve the degree of gastric retention in the same patients [3].
• Divergent effects of bombesin and bethanechol on stimulated gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer and in normal men [4].
• To characterize this relationship, we measured incremental responses of protein, bicarbonate, and PP to graded doses of intravenous secretin, caerulein, CCK8, CCK33, bethanechol, and intraduodenally perfused HCl, sodium oleate, and L-phenylalanine in dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulas and compared them with average postprandial values [5].

Psychiatry related information on Urecholine

• Metoclopramide and bethanechol significantly increased motor activity at the three sites in all subjects but the magnitude of the metoclopramide response was less in patients with intestinal involvement [6].
• Clinical experience with muscarinic agonists in the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease includes studies of the effects of pilocarpine, arecoline, bethanechol, oxotremorine and RS 86 [7].
• Bethanechol does not appear to ameliorate the dementia of AD, but may exert a mildly positive effect on patient behavior and mood [8].
• Bethanechol significantly increased (442%) the amount of time spent in REM sleep [9].
• In our study, we have analyzed the time-response curves of four cholinergic agonists (acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol and bethanechol) which produce tonic contractions of the isolated rat gastric fundus [10].

High impact information on Urecholine

• After in vitro incubation of the patient's cells or in vivo treatment with bethanechol chloride, the cyclic-GMP levels, bactericidal ability and lysosomal granules of the cells returned to normal levels [11].
• After bethanechol administration there were no changes in the plasma glucose concentration or fluxes despite increments in plasma glucagon (75 +/- 7 to 103 +/- 10 pg/ml, P less than 0.02) [12].
• Although PYY had no effect on bethanechol-stimulated secretion it markedly inhibited the secretory response to sham feeding, maximally reducing secretion by 90 +/- 4% (P less than 0.01) [13].
• The tachyphylaxis techniques were specific for the peptides giving no effect on the LES responses to phenylephrine, bethanechol, or pentagastrin [14].
• Spontaneous and bethanechol-stimulated jejunal circular muscle contractions were measured in an organ bath [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Urecholine

• Using this model the effects of experimental esophagitis on the LES response to edrophonium, pentagastrin, and bethanechol were determined [16].
• NMDA, bicuculline, and the muscarinic agonist bethanechol induced an increase in locomotor activity [17].
• The author describes the use of bethanechol chloride to relieve side effects, including salivary inactivation, constipation, and bladder inhibition, which result from the anticholinergic action of tricyclic antidepressants [18].
• Simple, inexpensive, provocation tests (most commonly edrophonium, bethanechol, and/or balloon distention) have been developed to recreate motility-related chest pain in the laboratory [19].
• Fluid secretion was induced in all the rat groups by bethanechol (ip 60 micrograms/kg bw) a stable cholinergic agonist, PGE2 (ip 10 micrograms/kg (bw) and E coli STa (luminally instilled, 500 ng/ml) a secretory enterotoxin [20].

Biological context of Urecholine

• Bethanechol did not increase gastric emptying [3].
• Intravenous bolus injection of bethanechol reversed the suppression of gastric antral contractility induced by increased intracranial pressure [21].
• To test this, a maximally tolerated dose of bethanechol (50 micrograms/kg/hr) or saline was infused intravenously in nine duodenal ulcer patients who had been treated by proximal gastric vagotomy [22].
• Subcutaneous administration of bethanechol chloride--a muscarinic receptor agonist--improved tearing, salivation, sweating, and gastrointestinal and bladder functions [23].
• 5. Pre-treatment with the muscarinic agonists, methylcholine and bethanechol, did not accelerate 216 microM-carbachol-induced desensitization, suggesting that the alteration of desensitization kinetics by pre-treatment was specific for nicotinic agonists [24].

Anatomical context of Urecholine

• RESULTS: Intracisternal apo A-IV significantly inhibited pentagastrin-, bethanechol-, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated gastric acid secretion in a similar fashion [25].
• Interaction of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin and gastrin I with bethanechol in the stimulation of feline colonic smooth muscle [26].
• Direct cholinergic stimulation with bethanechol induced significant gallbladder emptying [27].
• Acinar cell responsiveness to urecholine in the rat pancreas during fetal and early postnatal growth [28].
• These results fail to show that the addition of bethanechol to an intensive antacid regimen is more effective than the antacid regimen alone in the treatment of erosive esophagitis and that patients with esophagitis and normal lower esophageal sphincter pressures respond more favorably to medical treatment [2].

Associations of Urecholine with other chemical compounds

• The effects of direct cholinergic stimulation with bethanechol and blockade with atropine were evaluated in a total of 20 normal subjects and 13 patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux [29].
• The lack of effect of proglumide on basal, histamine-stimulated, or bethanechol-stimulated gastric acid secretion implies that background gastrin has no direct or synergistic influence on stimulation by other secretagogues [30].
• The effects of oral metoclopramide, 10 and 20 mg, bethanechol, 25 mg, and placebo on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) were studied in 15 men with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and basal LESP less than 11 mm Hg [31].
• Data from other experiments showed that after injection with toxin, the LES responds normally to bethanechol and pentagastrin but displays a paradoxical response to edrophonium and cholecystokinin [32].
• Removal of Ca2+ from the buffer inhibited stimulation of muscle contraction by high extracellular potassium [( K+]o) more than bethanechol stimulation (p less than 0.01) [33].

Gene context of Urecholine

• mu-Opiate receptor agonist loperamide blocks bethanechol-induced gallbladder contraction, despite higher cholecystokinin plasma levels in man [34].
• Studies in vitro dispersed rat pancreatic acini showed that GRF added to the incubation medium of these acini caused an increase in basal amylase release and shifted to the left the amylase dose-response curve to caerulein and urecholine but failed to affect the amylase response to VIP [35].
• The in vitro response to NMDAR antagonists was measured in tissue strips that were precontracted with bethanechol or electrical field stimulation (in rat and human bladder), phenylephrine (in human corpora cavernosa), or norepinephrine (in human prostate) [36].
• ISC responses to bethanechol were partially inhibited by pirenzepine in WT ileum, but not tetrodotoxin, suggesting involvement of a non-neuronal M1 muscarinic receptor [37].
• M3 muscarinic receptor-deficient mice retain bethanechol-mediated intestinal ion transport and are more sensitive to colitis [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Urecholine

• Ileocecal sphincter pressure was measured under basal conditions and in response to bethanechol or direct vagal nerve electrical stimulation [38].
• In the control group, barium chloride significantly enhanced the theophylline-induced negative potential difference change (P less than 0.05) and reduced the positive potential difference change seen with bethanechol alone [39].
• When the stomach was stimulated by bethanechol infusion through the splenic artery, as in the human stomach, the manometry detected less than 50% of gastric contractions detected by the strain gauge recording [40].
• To determine the value of bethanechol in the treatment of erosive esophagitis, a double-blind study was undertaken in which 28 patients were randomized to either bethanechol and antacid, or placebo and antacid [2].
• Serum gastrin was not significantly changed by urecholine or by vagotomy [41].

References