Disease relevance of Esophageal Sphincter, Lower

• Since metoclopramide increases lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure in patients with gastroesophageal reflux, we compared the effects of metoclopramide, 10 mg four times daily, with those of placebo on symptoms in 31 patients with chronic heartburn [1].
• Hydrogen peroxide reduces lower esophageal sphincter tone in human esophagitis [2].
• Neither cimetidine nor antacid produced any improvement in esophageal stricture size or lower esophageal sphincter pressure [3].
• Dysphagia, transient ulceration of the esophagus with luminal narrowing, and complete loss of peristalsis without loss of lower esophageal sphincter function were noted [4].
• Mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure was higher in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome than in controls but was unrelated to serum gastrin levels [5].

Psychiatry related information on Esophageal Sphincter, Lower

• Injection of porcine motilin (75-370 pmol), initiated dose-dependent phase III-like motor activity in the lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, and small bowel if the vagi were intact; if the vagi were blocked, activity was initiated in the small bowel only [6].

High impact information on Esophageal Sphincter, Lower

• In patients with achalasia, nifedipine decreased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure by approximately 30% [7].
• Interactions of bombesin and substance P at the feline lower esophageal sphincter [8].
• Sympathetic control of lower esophageal sphincter function in the cat. Action of direct cervical and splanchnic nerve stimulation [9].
• Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the lower esophageal sphincter in vivo: evidence for multiple sites of action [10].
• Studies were performed in anesthetized opossums to determine the influence of binding of circulating gastrin with a high titer gastrin antiserum on lower esophageal sphincter pressure [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Esophageal Sphincter, Lower

• These results fail to show that the addition of bethanechol to an intensive antacid regimen is more effective than the antacid regimen alone in the treatment of erosive esophagitis and that patients with esophagitis and normal lower esophageal sphincter pressures respond more favorably to medical treatment [12].
• In single cells, isolated by enzymatic digestion from the circular muscle layer of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), acute experimental esophagitis (AE) alters signal transduction in response to a maximally effective dose of acetylcholine [13].
• Moreover, it is consistent with those studies which suggest that increasing progesterone levels seen during pregnancy induce a loss of basal lower esophageal sphincter pressure and thereby allow the occurrence of acid reflux which produces symptomatic heartburn [14].
• Effect of pentagastrin and gastric alkalinization on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in diffuse esophageal spasm [15].
• It is suggested that cisapride enhances distal esophageal motor activity by means of a muscarinic receptor mechanism at the level of the distal esophageal body and, at least in part, via a muscarinic-independent mechanism at the level of the lower esophageal sphincter [16].

Biological context of Esophageal Sphincter, Lower

• Gastric contents, mucosal resistance, esophageal acid clearance, and gastric emptying are now recognized, along with incompetency of the lower esophageal sphincter, as contributing factors to gastroesophageal reflux disease [17].
• Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors N omega-nitro-L-arginine and N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester at a concentration of 100 microM, which blocked EFS-induced relaxation in the lower esophageal sphincter, had no significant effect on EFS-induced gallbladder muscle relaxation [18].
• These studies were performed in vitro to investigate the nature of the second messenger for lower esophageal sphincter (LES) smooth muscle relaxation in response to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) [19].
• Each animal was evaluated postoperatively for the occurrence of GER using upper gastrointestinal contrast study, nuclear medicine gastric scintigraphy (technetium 99m), pH probe/Tuttle test, and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) manometrics [20].
• This normotensive postoperative high pressure zone had properties of a physiologic lower esophageal sphincter, that is, normal relaxation to deglutition, a response to a protein meal and a response to cholinergic stimulation with edrophonium [21].

Anatomical context of Esophageal Sphincter, Lower

• Intravenous administration of dopamine caused a dose-dependent reduction in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure and contractions in the lowermost part of the body of the esophagus in the opossum [22].
• Leukotriene D4-induced contraction of cat esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter circular smooth muscle [23].
• BACKGROUND & AIMS: Nitric oxide (NO) is well accepted as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract; however, its role in the triggering of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) in humans remains to be determined [24].
• In contrast to its effect in the internal anal sphincter, galanin caused an increase in the resting tension and suppressed a decrease in the lower esophageal sphincter tension in response to electrical field stimulation [25].
• Intralumenal pressures of the lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, and upper small intestine, and plasma motilin levels were monitored [6].

Associations of Esophageal Sphincter, Lower with chemical compounds

• The effects of pentagastrin on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure has been studied in trained, unanesthetized dogs [26].
• Moreover, 4-(m-chlorophenyl carbamoyloxy)-2-butyltrimethylammonium chloride (McN-A-343), a muscarinic ganglionic stimulant, also caused relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter [27].
• To determine whether a synaptic link with nicotinic transmission was present, we investigated the effect of hexamethonium on vagal-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter relaxation [27].
• Mechanism of action of metoclopramide on opossum lower esophageal sphincter muscle [28].
• In 12 normal adult volunteers, the decrease in highest leftward lower esophageal sphincter pressure with atropine was more marked (40% decrease) than rightward (20% decrease) [29].

Gene context of Esophageal Sphincter, Lower

• BACKGROUND & AIMS: Exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) decreases lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and increases transient LES relaxations (TLESRs) in humans [30].
• Subcellular localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity within nerves was investigated in the lower esophageal sphincter of dogs and humans by double immunogold staining of sections prepared for electron microscopy [31].
• Neuronal NOS provides nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in mouse lower esophageal sphincter [32].
• To identify the enzymatic source of nitric oxide (NO) in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), studies were performed in wild-type and genetically engineered endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS(-)] and neuronal NOS [nNOS(-)] mice [32].
• These data indicate that the effect of bombesin on lower esophageal sphincter pressure is not gastrin or pancreatic polypeptide mediated [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Esophageal Sphincter, Lower

• The basal blood flow of the proximal and distal body of the esophagus, and that of the lower esophageal sphincter, and the vascular response of these sites to intravenous infusion of nifedipine (1.0 microgram/kg.min) and isoproterenol (0.1 microgram/kg.min) were studied [34].
• The present report shows that esophageal acid perfusion impairs the transduction pathway mediating lower esophageal sphincter contraction in response to acetylcholine through release of intracellular calcium because LES strips and single cells no longer contract in response to acetylcholine if calcium is removed from the physiologic salt solution [35].
• The study was carried out by using constantly perfused catheters and recording the pressure variations at the lower esophageal sphincter, before and after sublingual administration of 10-20 mg of nifedipine [36].
• Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy effects on gastroesophageal reflux and the lower esophageal sphincter [37].
• Other actions of CCK that may be physiologic but have not been thoroughly investigated include effects on bowel motility, relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter pressure, regulation of sphincter of Oddi pressure, effects on analgesia, and modification of behavior [38].

References