Disease relevance of dichlorotin

• Stannous chloride was found genotoxic in microbial test systems of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in one strain of Salmonella typhimurium and in the Mutoxitest of Escherichia coli [1].
• Much is known about stannous chloride (SnCl(2)) toxicity, although, there is no general agreement regarding its genotoxicity [2].
• OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether acute spinal cord injury associated with aortic occlusion can be prevented by induction of the cellular stress response by means of preoperative administration of whole-body hyperthermia or stannous chloride [3].
• Oral administration of stannous chloride (SnCl2) (1.0 mg Sn2$/kg body weight) to rats, twice daily for 28 days, caused a significant increase in the tin (Sn) content and a corresponding decrease of the calcium (Ca) content in the femoral epiphysis, but was without effect on serum Ca, intestinal Ca absorption, and urinary and fecal Ca excretion [4].
• Oxidation of stannous chloride by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied manometrically [5].

High impact information on dichlorotin

• Treatment of SHRs and WKYs with stannous chloride (SnCl2), which selectively depletes renal cytochrome P-450, restored BP to normal, coincident with a natriuresis, in young but not in adult SHRs and did not affect either BP or sodium excretion in WKYs [6].
• PGE synthase activity was measured using [(3)H]PGH(2) as substrate and stannous chloride to terminate the reaction and convert all unreacted unstable PGH(2) to PGF(2alpha) before high pressure liquid chromatography analysis [7].
• To address the possible protective effect of HO-1 in this experimental model, this enzyme was induced by an injection of stannous chloride (SnCl(2)) 12 h before K(2)Cr(2)O(7) administration [8].
• We have reported that short-term treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats with stannous chloride (SnCl2), which selectively depletes renal cytochrome P450, restores blood pressure to normal in young but not in adult SHR, and is without effect on blood pressure of either young or adult WKY rats [9].
• Hydrogel contact lenses were soaked in stannous chloride (100 micrograms/ml) or vehicle and fitted to the rabbit eye in stacked fashion (two lenses/eye), followed by a silk suture tarsorrhaphy of approximately 90% [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of dichlorotin

• Toxicity of sodium pentafluorostannite, a new anticariogenic agent. I. Comparison of the acute toxicity of sodium pentafluorostannite, sodium fluoride, and stannous chloride in mice and/or rats [11].
• RESULTS: Control rabbits experienced an 88% (7/8) incidence of paralysis after spinal cord ischemia induced by 20 minutes of aortic occlusion, whereas animals treated preoperatively with either whole-body hyperthermia (0/9) or stannous chloride (0/4) never became paralyzed (P <.001 for control vs treated groups) [3].
• We described that Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) inactivation effect in Escherichia coli is mediated by a Fenton-like reaction [12].
• In a 4-wk oral toxicity study, 4-wk-old male and female Wistar rats were exposed to a combination of arbitrarily chosen chemicals comprising sodium metabisulphite, Mirex, Loperamide, metaldehyde, di-n-octyltin dichloride, stannous chloride, lysinoalanine and potassium nitrite [13].
• Comparison of technetium-99m pyrophosphate and technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate with variable amounts of stannous chloride in the detection of acute myocardial infarction [14].

Biological context of dichlorotin

• Stannous chloride catalyzed methylation of 4-pivaloxy-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-2-pyridinone (3c) gave the corresponding 2'-O-methyl derivative 6c [15].
• Auto-redox reaction: tin(II) chloride-mediated one-step reductive cyclization leading to the synthesis of novel biheterocyclic 5,6-dihydro-quinazolino[4,3-b]quinazolin-8-ones with three-point diversity [16].
• The effects of the reactive oxygen species scavenger ebselen and the HO inducers cobalt protoporphyrin and stannous chloride (SnCl(2)) on HO protein levels and activity, indices of oxidative stress, and the progression of diabetes were examined in the Zucker rat model of type 2 diabetes [17].
• Tin(II) at concentrations up to 500 microM stannous chloride (SnCl2), produced extensive DNA damage, as detected by alkaline sucrose gradient (ASG) analysis in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated for 1 h at 37 degrees C in serum-free minimal essential medium (MEM) [18].
• In this study, male Wistar rats were stress conditioned with either stannous chloride or gallium nitrate, which have immunosuppressive effects in vivo and in vitro, or heat shock, the most intensively studied inducer of cytoprotection [19].

Anatomical context of dichlorotin

• Prior i.v. administration of stannous chloride is known to induce in vivo labeling of red blood cells with pertechnetate [20].
• Effects of feeding stannous chloride on different parts of the gastrointestinal tract of the rat [21].
• In this report we describe experiments which show that tin(II), as stannous chloride, is readily taken up by human white blood cells (WBC) and can cause damage to DNA [22].
• Oral adminitraton of stannous chloride (SnCl2) (1.0 mg Sn2+/kg body weight) to rats, twice daily for 30 or 90 days, caused a significant decrease of the calcium (Ca) content and acid phosphatase activity of the femoral epiphysis but did not reduce those of the femoral diaphysis [23].
• Biological effects of stannous chloride, a substance that can produce stimulation or depression of the central nervous system [24].

Associations of dichlorotin with other chemical compounds

• Technetium-99m-labeled cells reduced by stannous chloride had significantly different patterns of hepatic, pulmonary, and splenic localization and at 4 hr the lungs still retained 24% of the injected radioactivity compared with only 3% in the spleen [25].
• Nucleic acid related compounds. 17.3-Deazuridine. Stannous chloride catalysis of cis-diol vs. phenolic base methylation with diazomethane [15].
• Sixty to seventy-five percent of the 99m Tc was incorporated into streptokinase using stannous chloride as a reducing agent at pH 1-2, wheras 50-60% was incorporated using stannous pyrophosphate at neutral pH [26].
• An in vitro Tc-99m labeling method is described, which utilizes stable stock solutions of stannous chloride and disodium edetate (EDTA) [27].
• The radiolabeling of the HYNIC-conjugated cyclic IIb/IIIa peptide (HYNICtide) was carried out by reaction with pertechnetate in the presence of excess tricine and stannous chloride at pH 4-5 [28].

Gene context of dichlorotin

• METHODS: Rats were injected subcutaneously with two different inducers of HO-1: Stannous chloride and cobalt protoporphyrin [29].
• In contrast, Hsp70 was detected in aortic tissues from heat- and stannous chloride-treated animals, indicating that these tissues were in a cytoprotected state that was also an anti-inflammatory state [19].
• When mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered 10 mumol/kg of stannous chloride, the activity of erythrocyte ALAD decreased to 35% of control [30].
• Analysis of washes for CS2 by the headspace procedure after treatment with acidic stannous chloride and for ethylene thiourea by LC after prolonged treatment at 60 degrees C qualitatively identified the EDTA-soluble residues as EBDC [31].
• The anticoagulants ACD (citric acid, sodium citrate and dextrose solution), heparin and sodium oxalate present similar results for the 99Tcm labelling of RBC with the exception of 0.13 microM stannous chloride [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of dichlorotin

• We have observed that such labeling is possible even after oral administration of stannous chloride [20].
• The effect of oxygen on the reduction of sodium pertechnetate by stannous chloride has been investigated using a paper electrophoresis method [33].
• Inorganic mercury (InHg) was determined in 2 ml of standard solutions or blood samples using head space (HS) injection coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after treatment with concentrated sulfuric and tin(II) chloride as a reductant agent in a closed HS vial [34].
• Three parameters were of major importance to achieve a suitable formulation with a radiochemical purity (RCP) >90%: addition of bulking agent, the pH of the freeze-drying solution, and the content of stannous chloride [35].
• A procedure is described for purity assays based on reduction of the dyes with stannous chloride followed by gas chromatography of the released free amine [36].

References