Disease relevance of Epiphyses

• All affected individuals had a remarkably similar phenotype: profound sensorineural hearing loss, skeletal dysplasia with limb shortening and large epiphyses, cleft palate, an extremely flat face, hypoplasia of the mandible, a short nose with anteverted nares, and a flat nasal bridge [1].
• Oto-spondylo-megaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED) is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by severe sensorineural hearing loss, enlarged epiphyses and early onset of osteoarthritis [2].
• Thus, a male carrying homozygous mutations in the ER-alpha gene and two males with homozygous mutations in the aromatase gene had osteopenia, unfused epiphyses, and elevated indices of bone turnover [3].
• X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata is characterised by resolving irregular punctate calcifications of epiphyses, variable ichthyosis and atrophoderma, short stature, and cataracts [4].
• Naproxen reduced the arthritic capsular hyperemia, almost normalized a severe blood flow increase in patella and both juxta-articular epiphyses, ameliorated an expansion of plasma volume in the patella and the distal femoral epiphysis, and normalized an increased [99mTc]DPD uptake in subchondral femoral bone and the tibial cortex [5].

Psychiatry related information on Epiphyses

• Typical findings in this syndrome include unusual facial features with bulbous nose, sparse scalp hair, large ears, microcephaly, mental retardation, cone-shaped epiphyses of the digital phalanges, and multiple exostoses [6].

High impact information on Epiphyses

• External oscillating electric fields (1166 volts per centimeter, 5 hertz) enhanced the incorporation of [3H] thymidine into the DNA of chondrocytes isolated from the proliferative layer of embryonic (16 days) chick epiphysis [7].
• We show that mbl is required to prevent the expression of flh in dorsal forebrain cells rostral to the epiphysis [8].
• We show that the homeobox containing gene floating head (flh) is required for neurogenesis to proceed in the epiphysis [8].
• Homozygous mutations in IHH cause acrocapitofemoral dysplasia, an autosomal recessive disorder with cone-shaped epiphyses in hands and hips [9].
• When transplanted into lethally irradiated mice, single gene-marked murine SP cells reconstituted depleted osteoprogenitor pools, such that a large proportion of the osteogenic cells in the epiphysis of long bone carried the donor SP cell marker [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Epiphyses

• Adult men with mutations in genes for estrogen receptor or aromatase are affected by osteopenia and tall stature, open epiphysis, which is corrected by estrogen treatment [11].
• To determine if gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging can detect early reversible ischemia of the capital femoral epiphysis and physis induced by hip hyperabduction in piglets [12].
• Hypothyroidism due to failure to form organic iodine was diagnosed based on low serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine assays, radiographic findings in the epiphyses, and an abnormal perchlorate discharge test [13].
• Methotrexate osteopathy manifests as osteopenia, dense provisional zones of calcification, pathologic fractures, and sharply outlined epiphyses [14].
• CONCLUSION: Deferoxamine-induced bone dysplasia in the distal femur and patella is represented by a spectrum of morphologic changes in the epiphysis, physis, metaphysis, and metadiaphysis on MR imaging [15].

Biological context of Epiphyses

• The collagen cross-linking and the extent of lysine (Lys) hydroxylation in unloaded bones were significantly altered in proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, and, in particular, proximal metaphysis but not in distal regions [16].
• The present study demonstrates an altered IGF-I expression during early postnatal life in SHRs and suggests that the altered IGF-I expression as well as the following delay in upregulation of type X collagen may cause the mechanical vulnerability of the femoral epiphysis in SHRs [17].
• In the femoral epiphysis and neck, a preventive effect of alendronate on loss of bone mineral density was observed at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg [18].
• In diabetic pregnancies neither a distal femoral epiphysis greater than or equal to 3 mm nor a proximal tibial epiphysis of any dimension correlated precisely with the presence of phosphatidyl glycerol in the amniotic fluid [19].
• After E16, p8 isoforms gradually disappeared from the diaphysis and then from the epiphysis preceding chondrocyte hypertrophy, but were highly evident at the periarticular joint surface, where ongoing chondrogenesis accompanies the formation of articular cartilage [20].

Anatomical context of Epiphyses

• The composition of growth plate cartilage changes markedly from the epiphysis to the metaphysis, notably with the loss of type II collagen, concomitant with an increase in MMP-13; type X collagen; and the C-propeptide of type II collagen [21].
• In the femoral epiphysis of juvenile mice, stromal cell processes full of Cx43 enmeshed three to six layers of hematopoietic cells near the endosteum [22].
• The overall expression pattern of CNOT2 in Hensen's node, notochord, neural plate, tailbud, and epiphysis resembled the CNOT1 pattern [23].
• Effects of risedronate and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) alone or in combination on the distal tibia, a non-growing bone site with closed epiphysis at 3 months of age, were studied in ovariectomized (ovx) rats [24].
• Evidence is offered that thyroxine augments the effect of growth hormone on the mandibular condyle just as at other osteogenetic centers, for example proximal tibial epiphysis in hypophysectomized rats [25].

Associations of Epiphyses with chemical compounds

• No effects were found on the hydrodynamic size of the PG aggregates or monomers, but in the epiphyses ICF increased the size of the chondroitin sulfate chains [26].
• Studies were performed to examine the creatine kinase isozyme profile of cells of the epiphysis [27].
• The primary endpoint was defined as the effect over 24 months of alendronate and calcium compared with calcium alone on the BMD values at the distal tibial epiphysis (as a surrogate for trabecular bone in the paralyzed zone) [28].
• This study assessed change in the structure of trabecular bone of the distal femoral epiphysis after induction of EIA, using a measure of "fractal dimension," which may be considered a quantitative description of the degree of irregularity of complex surfaces [29].
• Chondrocytes derived from the epiphyses of long bones of fetal calves were treated with 5-azacytidine (aza-C) for 48 h [30].

Gene context of Epiphyses

• In young epiphyses, both fibromodulin and decorin were found interterritorially, mainly in the uncalcified and deep-calcified cartilage [31].
• Dach1 also colocalized with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27 (Kip1) and p57 (Kip2) in chondrocytes of the growth plate and in the epiphysis before the formation of the secondary ossification center [32].
• VEGF could be immunolocalized intracellularly in the hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate and in the chondrocytes around cartilage canals of the epiphysis, respectively [33].
• The data demonstrated that the patients with type IX collagen defects had more severe joint involvement at the knees and relative hip sparing, while the patients with COMP mutations had significant involvement at the capital femoral epiphyses and irregular acetabuli [34].
• The expression of emx1 is first detected around the 10-somite stage in the pineal gland (epiphysis) primodium in the developing anterior brain and in the pronephric primodium within the intermediate mesoderm. emx1 expression in the epiphysis has not been reported in other species [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Epiphyses

• Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections showed that PTHrP protein was evident throughout the chick epiphysis [36].
• The control group for the short-ACTH test (group 2) consisted of 42 children and adolescents (13 males) aged 12+/-3 years with early or accelerated puberty or premature closure of epiphyses, who received ACTH only (21 standard, 21 low-dose) with no evidence of adrenal or pituitary pathology [37].
• Bone marrow aspirates were obtained from the iliac crest and tibial epiphysis in 23 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were undergoing total knee arthroplasty [38].
• Constant light after birth did not influence MAO activity, but sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine decreased activity in the epiphysis in 12-day-old animals [39].
• The inflammatory reactions elicited in mice by subcutaneous injections of IFA and CFA had opposite effects when tested on local metacarpal shank bones and the distal epiphysis of shank bones [40].

References