Gene Review:
HRAS - Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
Homo sapiens
Synonyms:
C-BAS/HAS, C-H-RAS, C-HA-RAS1, CTLO, GTPase HRas, ...
- Anti-oncogenic role of the endoplasmic reticulum differentially activated by mutations in the MAPK pathway. Denoyelle, C., Abou-Rjaily, G., Bezrookove, V., Verhaegen, M., Johnson, T.M., Fullen, D.R., Pointer, J.N., Gruber, S.B., Su, L.D., Nikiforov, M.A., Kaufman, R.J., Bastian, B.C., Soengas, M.S. Nat. Cell Biol. (2006)
- Activated protooncogenes in human lung tumors from smokers. Reynolds, S.H., Anna, C.K., Brown, K.C., Wiest, J.S., Beattie, E.J., Pero, R.W., Iglehart, J.D., Anderson, M.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1991)
- Malignant transformation of human fibroblasts caused by expression of a transfected T24 HRAS oncogene. Hurlin, P.J., Maher, V.M., McCormick, J.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1989)
- Suppression of tumor growth by senescence in virally transformed human fibroblasts. O'Brien, W., Stenman, G., Sager, R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1986)
- Inherited breast and ovarian cancer. Szabo, C.I., King, M.C. Hum. Mol. Genet. (1995)
- Germline mutations in HRAS proto-oncogene cause Costello syndrome. Aoki, Y., Niihori, T., Kawame, H., Kurosawa, K., Ohashi, H., Tanaka, Y., Filocamo, M., Kato, K., Suzuki, Y., Kure, S., Matsubara, Y. Nat. Genet. (2005)
- A dyslexia susceptibility locus (DYX7) linked to dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) region on chromosome 11p15.5. Hsiung, G.Y., Kaplan, B.J., Petryshen, T.L., Lu, S., Field, L.L. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. (2004)
- Induction of p21ras in Alzheimer pathology. Gärtner, U., Holzer, M., Heumann, R., Arendt, T. Neuroreport (1995)
- Molecular epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. Li, D. Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) (2001)
- Does detection of K-ras mutations in pancreatic juice influence clinical decision making? O'Mahony, S., Sreedharan, A. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology. (2001)
- Signal transduction by the B cell antigen receptor and its coreceptors. Cambier, J.C., Pleiman, C.M., Clark, M.R. Annu. Rev. Immunol. (1994)
- A genome-wide survey of RAS transformation targets. Zuber, J., Tchernitsa, O.I., Hinzmann, B., Schmitz, A.C., Grips, M., Hellriegel, M., Sers, C., Rosenthal, A., Schäfer, R. Nat. Genet. (2000)
- Absence of cancer-associated changes in human fibroblasts immortalized with telomerase. Morales, C.P., Holt, S.E., Ouellette, M., Kaur, K.J., Yan, Y., Wilson, K.S., White, M.A., Wright, W.E., Shay, J.W. Nat. Genet. (1999)
- Nontumorigenic squamous cell carcinoma line converted to tumorigenicity with methyl methanesulfonate without activation of HRAS or MYC. Milo, G.E., Shuler, C., Kurian, P., French, B.T., Mannix, D.G., Noyes, I., Hollering, J., Sital, N., Schuller, D., Trewyn, R.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1990)
- NF-{kappa}B inhibition increases chemosensitivity to trichostatin A-induced cell death of Ki-Ras-transformed human prostate epithelial cells. Kwon, O., Kim, K.A., Kim, S.O., Ha, R., Oh, W.K., Kim, M.S., Kim, H.S., Kim, G.D., Kim, J.W., Jung, M., Kim, C.H., Ahn, J.S., Kim, B.Y. Carcinogenesis (2006)
- Manumycin inhibits ras signal transduction pathway and induces apoptosis in COLO320-DM human colon tumour cells. Di Paolo, A., Danesi, R., Nardini, D., Bocci, G., Innocenti, F., Fogli, S., Barachini, S., Marchetti, A., Bevilacqua, G., Del Tacca, M. Br. J. Cancer (2000)
- Ras oncogenes and p53 tumor suppressor gene analysis in cardiac myxomas. Karga, H., Papaioannou, P., Karayianni, M., Papadimitriou, K., Priftis, D., Voujuklakis, T., Migdou, B., Nanas, J., Papapetrou, P. Pathol. Res. Pract. (2000)
- The sensitivity of lung cancer cell lines to the EGFR-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 ('Iressa') is not related to the expression of EGFR or HER-2 or to K-ras gene status. Suzuki, T., Nakagawa, T., Endo, H., Mitsudomi, T., Masuda, A., Yatabe, Y., Sugiura, T., Takahashi, T., Hida, T. Lung Cancer (2003)
- Methionine dependency of malignant tumors: a possible approach for therapy. Breillout, F., Antoine, E., Poupon, M.F. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1990)
- Partial reversion of the transformed phenotype in HRAS-transfected tumorigenic cells by transfer of a human gene. Schaefer, R., Iyer, J., Iten, E., Nirkko, A.C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1988)
- Genetic analysis of tumorigenesis: a conserved region in the human and Chinese hamster genomes contains genetically identified tumor-suppressor genes. Stenman, G., Sager, R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1987)
- Characterization of mutagen-activated cellular oncogenes that confer anchorage independence to human fibroblasts and tumorigenicity to NIH 3T3 cells: sequence analysis of an enzymatically amplified mutant HRAS allele. Stevens, C.W., Manoharan, T.H., Fahl, W.E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1988)
- Activated Ras enhances insulin-like growth factor I induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in prostate epithelial cells. Stearns, M., Tran, J., Francis, M.K., Zhang, H., Sell, C. Cancer Res. (2005)
- High p21RAS expression levels correlate with chromosome 8 rearrangements in benign human mixed salivary gland tumors. Stenman, G., Sandros, J., Mark, J., Nordkvist, A. Genes Chromosomes Cancer (1989)
- Exclusion of linkage between hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HOKPP) and three candidate loci. Casley, W.L., Allon, M., Cousin, H.K., Ting, S.S., Crackower, M.A., Hashimoto, L., Cornélis, F., Beckmann, J.S., Hudson, A.J., Ebers, G.C. Genomics (1992)
- In vitro tyrosine phosphorylation studies on RAS proteins and calmodulin suggest that polylysine-like basic peptides or domains may be involved in interactions between insulin receptor kinase and its substrate. Fujita-Yamaguchi, Y., Kathuria, S., Xu, Q.Y., McDonald, J.M., Nakano, H., Kamata, T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1989)
- The D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) maps to distal 11p close to HRAS. Gelernter, J., Kennedy, J.L., van Tol, H.H., Civelli, O., Kidd, K.K. Genomics (1992)
- The ral gene: a new ras related gene isolated by the use of a synthetic probe. Chardin, P., Tavitian, A. EMBO J. (1986)
- Carcinogenesis in MYH-associated polyposis follows a distinct genetic pathway. Lipton, L., Halford, S.E., Johnson, V., Novelli, M.R., Jones, A., Cummings, C., Barclay, E., Sieber, O., Sadat, A., Bisgaard, M.L., Hodgson, S.V., Aaltonen, L.A., Thomas, H.J., Tomlinson, I.P. Cancer Res. (2003)
- Quantitative analysis of the complex between p21ras and the Ras-binding domain of the human Raf-1 protein kinase. Herrmann, C., Martin, G.A., Wittinghofer, A. J. Biol. Chem. (1995)
- p21ras couples the T cell antigen receptor to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 in T lymphocytes. Izquierdo, M., Leevers, S.J., Marshall, C.J., Cantrell, D. J. Exp. Med. (1993)
- A mutant insulin receptor induces formation of a Shc-growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (Grb2) complex and p21ras-GTP without detectable interaction of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) with Grb2. Evidence for IRS1-independent p21ras-GTP formation. Ouwens, D.M., van der Zon, G.C., Pronk, G.J., Bos, J.L., Möller, W., Cheatham, B., Kahn, C.R., Maassen, J.A. J. Biol. Chem. (1994)
- Ras oncogene transformation of human B lymphoblasts is associated with lymphocyte activation and with a block of differentiation. Sirinian, M.I., Marchetti, A., Di Rocco, G., Starace, G., Jucker, R., Nasi, S. Oncogene (1993)
- VEGF stimulates MAPK through a pathway that is unique for receptor tyrosine kinases. Doanes, A.M., Hegland, D.D., Sethi, R., Kovesdi, I., Bruder, J.T., Finkel, T. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1999)
- Ets1 was significantly activated by ERK1/2 in mutant K-ras stably transfected human adrenocortical cells. Chen, Y.F., Shin, S.J., Lin, S.R. DNA Cell Biol. (2005)
- Tyrosine phosphorylation and association with phospholipase C gamma-1 of the GAP-associated 62-kD protein after CD2 stimulation of Jurkat T cell. Hubert, P., Debré, P., Boumsell, L., Bismuth, G. J. Exp. Med. (1993)
- Aberrant expression of nNOS in pyramidal neurons in Alzheimer's disease is highly co-localized with p21ras and p16INK4a. Lüth, H.J., Holzer, M., Gertz, H.J., Arendt, T. Brain Res. (2000)
- Interferon-beta interrupts interleukin-6-dependent signaling events in myeloma cells. Berger, L.C., Hawley, R.G. Blood (1997)
- Role of GTPases and GTPase regulatory proteins in oncogenesis. Grunicke, H.H., Maly, K. Critical reviews in oncogenesis. (1993)
- Activation of Raf-1 in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Berger, D.H., Jardines, L.A., Chang, H., Ruggeri, B. J. Surg. Res. (1997)
- The RIN Family of Ras Effectors. Bliss, J.M., Venkatesh, B., Colicelli, J. Meth. Enzymol. (2005)
- The role of p21ras in CD28 signal transduction: triggering of CD28 with antibodies, but not the ligand B7-1, activates p21ras. Nunès, J.A., Collette, Y., Truneh, A., Olive, D., Cantrell, D.A. J. Exp. Med. (1994)
- Epigenetic and genetic alterations in duodenal carcinomas are distinct from biliary and ampullary carcinomas. Kim, S.G., Chan, A.O., Wu, T.T., Issa, J.P., Hamilton, S.R., Rashid, A. Gastroenterology (2003)
- Mutations in APC, Kirsten-ras, and p53--alternative genetic pathways to colorectal cancer. Smith, G., Carey, F.A., Beattie, J., Wilkie, M.J., Lightfoot, T.J., Coxhead, J., Garner, R.C., Steele, R.J., Wolf, C.R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2002)
- Oncogene v-src transforms and establishes embryonic rodent fibroblasts but not diploid human fibroblasts. Hjelle, B., Liu, E., Bishop, J.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1988)
- Detection of RAS mutations in archival testicular germ cell tumors by polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide hybridization. Moul, J.W., Theune, S.M., Chang, E.H. Genes Chromosomes Cancer (1992)
- Expression of normal and mutant ras proteins in human acute leukemia. Shen, W.P., Aldrich, T.H., Venta-Perez, G., Franza, B.R., Furth, M.E. Oncogene (1987)