Disease relevance of Disease Transmission, Vertical

• To determine the frequency of vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen (HB5 Ag) from asymptomatic carrier mothers in Taiwan to their offspring, HB5 Ag was sought by radioimmunoassay and complement fixation [1].
• CONCLUSIONS: Zidovudine therapy to interrupt vertical transmission of HIV was not widely used by these HIV-infected pregnant women [2].
• We have screened 20 maternal sera from HIV+ individuals of known vertical transmission status for reactivity with 31 peptides spanning the entire envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 [3].
• MYH biallelic mutation carriers were up to 60% (5 of 8) among patients showing at least 30 adenomas and a family history with no vertical transmission of polyposis [4].
• Quantification of the HIV provirus by polymerase chain reaction may be used as a predictive parameter of vertical transmission if accompanied by an exhaustive clinical and biological follow-up during pregnancy [5].

High impact information on Disease Transmission, Vertical

• Since MHC polymorphism has made vertical transmission of T cell memory impossible, immunoincompetent offspring are not, and need not be, protected against such noncytopathic viruses [6].
• Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan [1].
• Association between maternal antibodies to the external envelope glycoprotein and vertical transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Maternal anti-env antibodies correlate with protection in non-breast-fed children [7].
• Y chromosome signals were not detected in sex-matched female recipients, excluding the vertical transmission of male cells [8].
• Clonal vertical transmission of fungi, previously shown to be common in the genus Microtermes (via females) and in the species Macrotermes bellicosus (via males) [Johnson, R. A., Thomas, R. J., Wood, T. G. & Swift, M. J. (1981) J. Nat. Hist. 15, 751-756], is derived with two independent origins [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Disease Transmission, Vertical

• I propose that vertical transmission from the common ancestor of the Enterobacteriaceae, with subsequent loss of these genes in many species can explain much of the patchy distribution of lactose use in this clade [10].
• Ampicillin virtually eliminated vertical transmission in the treatment group with no risk factors and in both treatment groups with premature labor and/or prolonged membrane rupture [11].
• CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin A and multivitamins did not affect the risk of vertical transmission of HIV in utero nor during the intrapartum and early breastfeeding periods [12].
• Although parenteral transmission is highly efficient for GBV-C/HGV (58% of recipients of GBV-C/HGV RNA-positive blood products and 32% of aplastic anemia patients), it appears that sexual and vertical transmission are the most common transmission routes [13].
• Currently, HAART combinations that include zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC) are highly effective in preventing HIV-1 vertical transmission; most children are born with no evident adverse clinical effects [14].

Biological context of Disease Transmission, Vertical

• INTERPRETATION: A short course of oral zidovudine given during the peripartum period is well accepted and well tolerated, and provides a 38% reduction in early vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection despite breastfeeding [15].
• The expression of ecotropic MuLV by nonlymphoid cells in vivo may play a key role in the vertical transmission of these viruses by females as well as in their horizontal transmission [16].
• METHODS: Fc gamma RIIa genotype was determined in 903 pregnant women who had participated in a study designed to assess the effect that PM has on vertical transmission of HIV-1 [17].
• Ongoing horizontal and vertical transmission of virulence genes and papA alleles among Escherichia coli blood isolates from patients with diverse-source bacteremia [18].
• The Knights of the Round Table hypothesis of tumour suppressor gene function--noble sacrifice or sexual dalliance: genes, including p53, BRCA1/2 and RB have evolved by horizontal and vertical transmission of mating factor genes and are involved in gametogenesis, implantation, development and tumourigenesis [19].

Anatomical context of Disease Transmission, Vertical

• This first report of the detection of EV HPV in amniotic fluid, placenta, and cervical scrapes from an EV patient renders vertical transmission of EV HPV likely [20].
• A kindred with four-generation vertical transmission of familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia was ascertained by measurement of elevated levels of cord blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-HDL) in a neonatal propositus [21].
• The cyanobacterial origin and vertical transmission of the plastid tRNA(Leu) group-I intron [22].
• In addition to implications for the maternal-fetal transmission of HIV, the expression of chemokine receptors by syncytiotrophoblast cells could be important in other aspects of placental immune function [23].
• Treatment with ICSI may lead to vertical transmission, expansion, and de novo Y-chromosome microdeletion in male fetuses [24].

Associations of Disease Transmission, Vertical with chemical compounds

• Zidovudine therapy given during pregnancy and/or labor and delivery was associated with a significant reduction in vertical transmission [25].
• Although the vertical transmission of the combined disorder was noted in almost all pedigrees, the frequency distribution analysis of insulin response, glucose tolerance, and plasma triglyceride showed the histograms of these variables similarly skewed to the right as compared with those of the controls, with no apparent bimodality [26].
• The effect of intrapartum ampicillin treatment on vertical transmission of group B streptococci (GBS) was examined in 575 prenatally colonized parturient women and their 580 newborn infants [11].
• To prevent the vertical transmission of GBS and neonatal GBS infection, guidelines recommend intrapartum penicillin or amoxicillin prophylaxis [27].
• It is concluded that metronidazole is capable of vertical transmission of potential genotoxic effects to the fetus [28].

Gene context of Disease Transmission, Vertical

• There was a marked tendency for both TPO Ab and Tg Ab to cluster in families and complex segregation analysis provided strong evidence for vertical transmission [29].
• Vertical transmission of a decrease in the specific activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) indicated that this enzyme was a candidate gene for harboring the defect responsible for this disorder [30].
• The expression patterns of both DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR are discussed in detail, with particular attention to the expression of both molecules in the placenta, which may have implications for the vertical transmission of HIV [31].
• In a multivariate analysis, excluding children with indeterminate HIV-1 status, odds ratios for vertical transmission were 2.6 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-6.9] for maternal CD4/CD8 ratio < 0.5 and 3.6 (95% CI, 1.1-11.8) for more than three sexual partners versus a single partner [32].
• Among the urosepsis isolates, the assay revealed considerable segregation of papA alleles according to O:K:H serotype, consistent with vertical transmission within clones, but with exceptions which strongly suggested horizontal transfer of papA alleles between lineages [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Disease Transmission, Vertical

• Rapid identification of GBS colonization in women, combined with ampicillin chemoprophylaxis, significantly reduced vertical transmission of GBS [34].
• Zidovudine treatment prevents vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 independently of viral load [35].
• Although drug therapies such as zidovudine as well as nevirapine have been demonstrated to significantly decrease the incidence of vertical transmission of HIV-1, these therapeutic regimens are still not widely available in some developing countries where maternal-to-child transmission of HIV-1 continues to occur at an alarming rate [36].
• This effect would be mediated by increased numbers of women infected with HIV who receive an intervention to reduce the risk of vertical transmission (for example, zidovudine or caesarean section delivery), who use an alternative to breast feeding, or whose pregnancy is terminated [37].
• In the double blind study, vaginal douching with chlorhexidine significantly reduced the vertical transmission rate from 35% (saline) to 18% (chlorhexidine), (P < 0.000 1, 95% confidence interval 0.12-0.22) [38].

References