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MeSH Review

Flax

 
 
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Disease relevance of Flax

 

Psychiatry related information on Flax

 

High impact information on Flax

 

Chemical compound and disease context of Flax

 

Biological context of Flax

  • A mild enzyme hydrolysis procedure to prevent the formation of artifacts in the isolation step was used in the determination of secoisolariciresinol in flaxseed products [14].
  • As observed for plasma lignans in women fed flaxseed, blood radioactivity peaked at 9 h and remained high until 24 h in both treatment groups, suggesting that blood lignan kinetics might be similar with flaxseed or SDG consumption and that they were comparable between humans and rats [15].
  • L6 is a nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) gene that confers race-specific resistance in flax (Linum usitatissimum) to strains of flax rust (Melampsora lini) that carry avirulence alleles of the AvrL567 gene but not to rust strains that carry only the virulence allele [16].
  • Mean plasma ENL increased 7-fold during the flaxseed feeding (7 nmol/L in control vs. 50 nmol/L in flaxseed group) but no differences between gender and genotype were found [17].
  • Isolation and amino acid sequence of a serine proteinase inhibitor from common flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds [18].
 

Anatomical context of Flax

  • The flaxseed oil-containing diet resulted in significant increases in alpha-LA concentrations in the plasma phospholipid, cholesteryl ester, and triglyceride fractions (eightfold increase) and neutrophil phospholipids (50% increase) [19].
  • When compared to Min females, Min males in the flaxseed group had several fold higher ENL levels in the small intestine (Min males 125 +/- 124.5 nmol/g vs. females 22.8 +/- 16.0 nmol/g, P = 0.048) and caecum (47.6 +/- 31.6 nmol/g vs. females 14.5 +/- 6.6 nmol/g, P = 0.001) [17].
  • After stimulation, flaxseed oil and fish oil blunted T-lymphocyte interleukin-2 production and subsequent proliferation, which was associated with the lack of increased acyl-CoA binding protein expression [20].
  • Feeding FO diet did not result in a higher or lower bone mass or stronger or weaker femurs and lumbar vertebra than in mice fed CO diet in either gender, suggesting that the level of ALA attainable in a 10% flaxseed oil diet is safe with regard to bone development in growing mice [21].
  • Feeding flaxseed increases linolenic acid in the egg yolk about 30-fold, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increases nearly fourfold [22].
 

Associations of Flax with chemical compounds

  • Acetone cyanohydrin lyase from Linum usitatissimum is a hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) which is involved in the catabolism of cyanogenic glycosides in young seedlings of flax [23].
  • These reactions appear analogous to the transformation of linolenic acid hydroperoxide by "isomerase" and "cyclase" of corn and flaxseed [24].
  • DESIGN: Healthy male volunteers were provided with foods that were enriched in alpha-linolenic acid (cooking oil, margarine, salad dressing, and mayonnaise) and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (sausages and savory dip) and with foods naturally rich in n-3 fatty acids, such as flaxseed meal and fish [25].
  • Excretion of the lignans enterodiol and enterolactone increased with flaxseed from 1.09 +/- 1.08 and 3.16 +/- 1.47 to 19.48 +/- 1.10 and 27.79 +/- 1.50 mumol/d, respectively (P < 0.0002) [26].
  • Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy [27].
 

Gene context of Flax

 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Flax

  • Molecular cloning of acetone cyanohydrin lyase from flax (Linum usitatissimum). Definition of a novel class of hydroxynitrile lyases [23].
  • A dietary intervention study with healthy human volunteers that incorporated alpha-LA-rich vegetable oil (flaxseed oil), against a background diet low in LA, allowed us to examine these relationships [32].
  • The high negative correlation (r = -0.997, P < 0.001) between established tumor volume and urinary mammalian lignan excretion in the BD, S.D., 2.5% F and 5% F groups indicates that the reduction in tumor size is due in part to the lignans derived from the S.D. in flaxseed [33].
  • Deoxypodophyllotoxin 6-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from cell cultures of Linum flavum involved in the biosynthesis of cytotoxic lignans [34].
  • In conclusion, our results demonstrate that increased intake of lignan precursors from flaxseed or rye bran, administered in a Western-style diet, does not protect against intestinal tumor development in an appropriate animal model for intestinal neoplasia such as the ApcMin mice [35].

References

  1. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Simopoulos, A.P. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1999) [Pubmed]
  2. The inhibitory effect of flaxseed on the growth and metastasis of estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer xenograftsis attributed to both its lignan and oil components. Wang, L., Chen, J., Thompson, L.U. Int. J. Cancer (2005) [Pubmed]
  3. Flaxseed ameliorates interstitial nephritis in rat polycystic kidney disease. Ogborn, M.R., Nitschmann, E., Weiler, H., Leswick, D., Bankovic-Calic, N. Kidney Int. (1999) [Pubmed]
  4. Dietary flaxseed inhibits human breast cancer growth and metastasis and downregulates expression of insulin-like growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor. Chen, J., Stavro, P.M., Thompson, L.U. Nutrition and cancer. (2002) [Pubmed]
  5. Flaxseed and lignans increase cecal beta-glucuronidase activity in rats. Jenab, M., Rickard, S.E., Orcheson, L.J., Thompson, L.U. Nutrition and cancer. (1999) [Pubmed]
  6. Organoleptic evaluation of eggs produced by laying hens fed diets containing graded levels of flaxseed and vitamin E. Leeson, S., Caston, L., MacLaurin, T. Poult. Sci. (1998) [Pubmed]
  7. Reduction of serum cholesterol and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits by secoisolariciresinol diglucoside isolated from flaxseed. Prasad, K. Circulation (1999) [Pubmed]
  8. Molecular cloning of an allene oxide synthase: a cytochrome P450 specialized for the metabolism of fatty acid hydroperoxides. Song, W.C., Funk, C.D., Brash, A.R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1993) [Pubmed]
  9. Advances in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Zimmerman, R., Radhakrishnan, J., Valeri, A., Appel, G. Annu. Rev. Med. (2001) [Pubmed]
  10. Current perspectives on radiation-induced breast cancer. Goss, P.E., Sierra, S. J. Clin. Oncol. (1998) [Pubmed]
  11. Antithrombic and anti-atherogenic effects of partially defatted flaxseed meal using a laser-induced thrombosis test in apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice. Sano, T., Oda, E., Yamashita, T., Shiramasa, H., Ijiri, Y., Yamashita, T., Yamamoto, J. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis (2003) [Pubmed]
  12. Effects of dietary ratio of linoleic to linolenic acid on performance, antibody production, and in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in two strains of leghorn pullet chicks. Puthpongsiriporn, U., Scheideler, S.E. Poult. Sci. (2005) [Pubmed]
  13. Inhibition of paraquat phytotoxicity by a novel copper chelate with superoxide dismutating activity. Youngman, R.J., Dodge, A.D., Lengfelder, E., Elstner, E.F. Experientia (1979) [Pubmed]
  14. Chemical studies of phytoestrogens and related compounds in dietary supplements: flax and chaparral. Obermeyer, W.R., Musser, S.M., Betz, J.M., Casey, R.E., Pohland, A.E., Page, S.W. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1995) [Pubmed]
  15. Urinary composition and postprandial blood changes in H-secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) metabolites in rats do not differ between acute and chronic SDG treatments. Rickard, S.E., Thompson, L.U. J. Nutr. (2000) [Pubmed]
  16. Autoactive alleles of the flax L6 rust resistance gene induce non-race-specific rust resistance associated with the hypersensitive response. Howles, P., Lawrence, G., Finnegan, J., McFadden, H., Ayliffe, M., Dodds, P., Ellis, J. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. (2005) [Pubmed]
  17. No effect on adenoma formation in Min mice after moderate amount of flaxseed. Oikarinen, S., Heinonen, S.M., Nurmi, T., Adlercreutz, H., Mutanen, M. European journal of nutrition. (2005) [Pubmed]
  18. Isolation and amino acid sequence of a serine proteinase inhibitor from common flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds. Lorenc-Kubis, I., Kowalska, J., Pochroń, B., Zuzło, A., Wilusz, T. Chembiochem (2001) [Pubmed]
  19. Dietary substitution with an alpha-linolenic acid-rich vegetable oil increases eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in tissues. Mantzioris, E., James, M.J., Gibson, R.A., Cleland, L.G. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1994) [Pubmed]
  20. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase T-lymphocyte phospholipid mass and acyl-CoA binding protein expression. Collison, L.W., Collison, R.E., Murphy, E.J., Jolly, C.A. Lipids (2005) [Pubmed]
  21. Flaxseed oil and bone development in growing male and female mice. Cohen, S.L., Ward, W.E. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A (2005) [Pubmed]
  22. Enriched eggs as a source of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for humans. Lewis, N.M., Seburg, S., Flanagan, N.L. Poult. Sci. (2000) [Pubmed]
  23. Molecular cloning of acetone cyanohydrin lyase from flax (Linum usitatissimum). Definition of a novel class of hydroxynitrile lyases. Trummler, K., Wajant, H. J. Biol. Chem. (1997) [Pubmed]
  24. On non-cyclooxygenase prostaglandin synthesis in the sea whip coral, Plexaura homomalla: an 8(R)-lipoxygenase pathway leads to formation of an alpha-ketol and a Racemic prostanoid. Brash, A.R., Baertschi, S.W., Ingram, C.D., Harris, T.M. J. Biol. Chem. (1987) [Pubmed]
  25. Biochemical effects of a diet containing foods enriched with n-3 fatty acids. Mantzioris, E., Cleland, L.G., Gibson, R.A., Neumann, M.A., Demasi, M., James, M.J. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2000) [Pubmed]
  26. Urinary lignan and isoflavonoid excretion in premenopausal women consuming flaxseed powder. Lampe, J.W., Martini, M.C., Kurzer, M.S., Adlercreutz, H., Slavin, J.L. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1994) [Pubmed]
  27. Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. Brooks, J.D., Ward, W.E., Lewis, J.E., Hilditch, J., Nickell, L., Wong, E., Thompson, L.U. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2004) [Pubmed]
  28. Flaxseed oil and inflammation-associated bone abnormalities in interleukin-10 knockout mice. Cohen, S.L., Moore, A.M., Ward, W.E. J. Nutr. Biochem. (2005) [Pubmed]
  29. Effect of melatonin and linolenic acid on mammary cancer in transgenic mice with c-neu breast cancer oncogene. Rao, G.N., Ney, E., Herbert, R.A. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (2000) [Pubmed]
  30. The effect on human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil. Caughey, G.E., Mantzioris, E., Gibson, R.A., Cleland, L.G., James, M.J. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1996) [Pubmed]
  31. Flaxseed consumption influences endogenous hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Hutchins, A.M., Martini, M.C., Olson, B.A., Thomas, W., Slavin, J.L. Nutrition and cancer. (2001) [Pubmed]
  32. Differences exist in the relationships between dietary linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids and their respective long-chain metabolites. Mantzioris, E., James, M.J., Gibson, R.A., Cleland, L.G. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1995) [Pubmed]
  33. Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components reduce mammary tumor growth at a late stage of carcinogenesis. Thompson, L.U., Rickard, S.E., Orcheson, L.J., Seidl, M.M. Carcinogenesis (1996) [Pubmed]
  34. Deoxypodophyllotoxin 6-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from cell cultures of Linum flavum involved in the biosynthesis of cytotoxic lignans. Molog, G.A., Empt, U., Kuhlmann, S., van Uden, W., Pras, N., Alfermann, A.W., Petersen, M. Planta (2001) [Pubmed]
  35. Lignan precursors from flaxseed or rye bran do not protect against the development of intestinal neoplasia in ApcMin mice. van Kranen, H.J., Mortensen, A., Sørensen, I.K., van den Berg-Wijnands, J., Beems, R., Nurmi, T., Adlercreutz, H., van Kreijl, C.F. Nutrition and cancer. (2003) [Pubmed]
 
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