Disease relevance of Sympathetic Nervous System

• To determine whether the elevated plasma renin activity in some cases of mild essential hypertension expresses sympathetic-nervous-system over-activity, we compared indexes of sympathetic activity in 16 patients with mild high-renin essential hypertension, 15 hypertensive patients with normal plasma renin activity and 20 normal subjects [1].
• To ascertain whether increased sympathetic nervous system activity may contribute to the attenuation of prazosin's effect on congestive heart failure, we measured plasma norepinephrine levels in 10 patients with severe heart failure before and after chronic prazosin therapy [2].
• OBJECTIVE: To study disturbances in sympathetic nervous system function in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and the effect of clonidine on such disturbances [3].
• A relationship to neuroblastoma (NB), a pediatric tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, is based on morphologic similarities and the expression of similar neural antigens [4].
• We have subsequently shown that heterozygous mutations of PHOX2B may account for several combined or isolated disorders of autonomic nervous-system development--namely, tumors of the sympathetic nervous system (TSNS), such as neuroblastoma and late-onset central hypoventilation syndrome [5].

Psychiatry related information on Sympathetic Nervous System

• Among unipolar patients with melancholia, nonsuppressors on the dexamethasone suppression test had significantly higher lying-down NE values than did suppressors, suggesting that dysregulation of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the peripheral sympathetic nervous system occur together in this subgroup of depressed patients [6].
• The effects of sympathetic nervous system activation and psychological stress on glucose metabolism and blood pressure in subjects with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus [7].
• Behavioral effects of CRF include increased locomotor activity and inhibition of food intake and its actions on metabolism are mediated mainly by activation of the sympathetic nervous system [8].
• Results obtained indicate that the sequence of return of neurological activity following tetracaine subarachnoid block is sympathetic nervous system activity, pinprick sensation, somatic motor function followed by proprioception in the feet [9].
• Experiments were performed in rats to test the hypothesis that adrenal mRNA levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) would be modified by water deprivation via activation of the sympathetic nervous system [10].

High impact information on Sympathetic Nervous System

• This article reviews the mechanisms used by homeothermic species to generate more heat and their regulation largely by thyroid hormone (TH) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) [11].
• The historic discovery that the catecholamine neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine and epinephrine, are inactivated through their reuptake by presynaptic nerve terminals provided new insights into neurotransmitter action and paved the way for the development of modern antidepressant drugs [12].
• We show that expression of clock genes in osteoblasts is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and leptin [13].
• As this transgene failed to overcome embryonic lethality (unpublished data and ref. 3) in Gata3-/- mice, we hypothesized that a neuroendocrine deficiency in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) might cause embryonic lethality in these mutants [14].
• Bosentan did not result in activation of the sympathetic nervous system (as determined by measurement of the plasma norepinephrine level) or the renin-angiotensin system (as determined by measurements of plasma renin activity and angiotensin II levels) [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Sympathetic Nervous System

• Finally, the development of arterial hypertension in cyclosporine A-treated cardiac transplant patients is not due to activation or persistent activation of the sympathetic nervous system [16].
• The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of deoxycorticosterone-sodium chloride (DOCA-saline) hypertension was investigated by measuring plasma levels of norepinephrine, total catecholamines, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity at intervals after the initiation of the DOCA-saline regimen [17].
• While the occurrence of primary renal sodium and water retention and plasma volume expansion prior to ascites formation favors the "overflow" hypothesis, the stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, vasopressin release and sympathetic nervous system associated with cirrhosis is not consonant with primary volume expansion [18].
• The sympathetic nervous system contributes to capsaicin-evoked mechanical allodynia but not pinprick hyperalgesia in humans [19].
• To address the pathogenesis of diabetic autonomic neuropathy, we have examined the sympathetic nervous system in non-obese diabetic (NOD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, two models of type 1 diabetes, and the db/db mouse, a model of type 2 diabetes [20].

Biological context of Sympathetic Nervous System

• As the sympathetic nervous system influences the metabolic activation of BAT, we have studied the effects of noradrenaline and acute cold exposure on BAT 5'D-II [21].
• Heat production is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, but it has an absolute requirement for thyroid hormone [22].
• During leptin administration, energy expenditure, skeletal muscle work efficiency, sympathetic nervous system tone, and circulating concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine returned to pre-weight-loss levels [23].
• These data demonstrate that AII-increased intestinal absorption is secondary to the release of norepinephrine from nerve endings in the jejunum and that AII inhibition of absorption is not mediated by the sympathetic nervous system [24].
• The results indicate that hydralazine does not produce uniform vasodilation in all organs and that the cardiovascular actions of hydralazine involve both prostaglandins and the sympathetic nervous system [25].

Anatomical context of Sympathetic Nervous System

• Thus, neuregulin-1, erbB2, and erbB3 are required for the formation of the sympathetic nervous system; the block in development observed in mutant mice is caused by a lack of neural crest precursor cells in the anlage of the primary sympathetic ganglion chain [26].
• CRF-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion appears to be mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and, in part, by opiate and vasopressin-dependent mechanisms [27].
• Because cocaine increases the activity of endogenous catecholamines, these findings suggest that human NK cells are selectively regulated by the sympathetic nervous system [28].
• Taken together, the data suggest that the sympathetic nervous system, because of splanchnic nerve activation, inhibits the acid-induced increase in duodenal HCO3- secretion [29].
• In situ hybridization analysis of 14 and 18 day old mouse embryos indicates that trkB transcripts are localized in the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems, including brain, spinal cord, spinal and cranial ganglia, paravertebral trunk of the sympathetic nervous system and various innervation pathways [30].

Associations of Sympathetic Nervous System with chemical compounds

• A vasopressin-like peptide in the mammalian sympathetic nervous system [31].
• Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system during sucrose feeding [32].
• Many of the physiological effects of catecholamines in the sympathetic nervous system seem to be mediated by an increase in the cyclic AMP concentration of the target cells [33].
• Adrenergic receptors are expressed on virtually every cell type in the body and are the receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine within the sympathetic nervous system [34].
• Interactions between angiotensin peptides and the sympathetic nervous system mediating intestinal sodium and water absorption in the rat [24].

Gene context of Sympathetic Nervous System

• Gata3 loss leads to embryonic lethality due to noradrenaline deficiency of the sympathetic nervous system [14].
• The ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors and their ligand, neuregulin-1, are essential for development of the sympathetic nervous system [26].
• The sympathetic nervous system regulates the activity and expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) through the three beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes and their ability to raise intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels [35].
• Leptin is perceived as a key afferent signal and glucocorticoids and the sympathetic nervous system through beta receptors as essential elements of this control system [36].
• Moreover, we report non-vascular expression sites: liver, kidney, and, quite interestingly, cells of the sympathetic nervous system where EPAS1 is coexpressed with one of its putative target genes, the tyrosine hydroxylase [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sympathetic Nervous System

• To clarify the relationship between the renin-angiotensin axis and sympathetic nervous system in the accelerated hypertensives, we measured the MSNA after 7 d of oral administration of captopril (75 mg/d) for antihypertensive treatment in the benign hypertensives and accelerated hypertensives [38].
• Angiotensin II augments reflex activity of the sympathetic nervous system during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs [39].
• However, immunosuppression by the sympathetic nervous system may be unfavorable when bacteria are present locally and when TNF-alpha is necessary to overcome infection [40].
• Thus, in subjects with IDDM without autonomic neuropathy, greater activation of sympathetic nervous system after subcutaneous injection of insulin prevents orthostatic hypotension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)[41]
• Local dental anesthesia with epinephrine. Minimal effects on the sympathetic nervous system or on hemodynamic variables [42].

References