Disease relevance of Pleura

• MAb B72.3, generated against a membrane-enriched fraction of human metastatic breast carcinoma, was used to distinguish malignant mesothelioma of the pleura from adenocarcinoma of the lung in tissue sections and was compared in terms of diagnostic utility with polyclonal anti-keratin and anti-CEA to make the same distinction [1].
• Production of experimental malignant pleural effusions is dependent on invasion of the pleura and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor by human lung cancer cells [2].
• Immunoreactivity for P-170 glycoprotein in malignant mesothelioma and in non-neoplastic mesothelium of the pleura using the murine monoclonal antibody JSB-1 [3].
• An 87-yr-old woman with nonislet cell tumor hypoglycemia resulting from a localized fibrous tumor of the pleura was treated for 97 days with graded doses of prednisolone (30, 10, and 5 mg/day) followed by GH (1, 4, 8, 4, and 2 U/day) [4].
• Response to megestrol acetate was achieved in patients with metastases in bone and pleura only [5].

High impact information on Pleura

• During development, the imaginal wing disc of Drosophila is subdivided along the proximal-distal axis into different territories that will give rise to body wall (notum and mesothoracic pleura) and appendage (wing hinge and wing blade) [6].
• In embryonic lung, Fgf9 is detected in airway epithelium and visceral pleura at E10.5, but is restricted to the pleura by E12 [7].
• Expression of Fras1 was detected in the mesothelial cells of the visceral pleura and in the conducting airway epithelia [8].
• PC14 and PC14PE6 lung lesions invaded the pleura and produced PE containing a high level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-localized vascular hyperpermeability [2].
• Collectively, the data demonstrate that the production of malignant PE requires tumor cells to invade the pleura and express high levels of VEGF/VPF [2].

Chemical compound and disease context of Pleura

• High-dose methotrexate in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. A phase II study [9].
• Sixteen unequivocal, diffuse malignant mesotheliomas ( DMM ) of pleura and eight diffuse pleural tumors simulating DMM , all from autopsied cases, were studied with hematoxylin and eosin, mucicarmine, diastase-periodic acid-Schiff ( DPAS ), colloidal iron, carcinoembryonic antigen, and keratin immunoperoxidase stains [10].
• From this study, we conclude that the nitroblue tetrazolium test on pleural fluid is of limited use diagnostically but may help to identify those individuals with collagen vascular disease involving the pleura [11].
• In the present study, reactions for cytokeratins 5 and 6 were investigated in 33 pleural mesotheliomas and 27 secondary adenocarcinomas of the pleura using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material and a commercially available antibody (anti-cytokeratin 5/6) [12].
• In one patient with advanced lymphosarcoma involving pleura and mediastinal nodes, the chylothorax was managed by open thoracotomy and talc powder [13].

Biological context of Pleura

• These findings suggest that the mechanism activated by terbutaline, when the amiloride-sensitive mechanisms of the pleura have been blocked, is a Na(+)-K(+)-2 Cl- or Na(+)-Cl- symport little sensitive to bumetanide [14].
• Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy may occur with nasopharyngeal carcinoma or tumors of the lungs or pleura and manifests as cortical thickening, lamellar periosteal new bone formation, and soft-tissue swelling [15].
• To our knowledge, this is the first case of extramedullary hematopoiesis described in the parietal pleura associated with massive pleural effusion and successfully treated with minocycline [16].
• In short-term experiments, endocytosis of chrysotile fibres (100 microgram/ml) has been demonstrated by electron microscopy of the pleura in situ [17].
• Tuberculous effusion: ADA activity correlates with CD4+ cell numbers in the fluid and the pleura [18].

Anatomical context of Pleura

• Elastin and, to a lesser extent, alpha1(I) collagen mRNA were heavily expressed in pleura, blood vessels, and airways [19].
• 1. We have examined the effect of bradykinin on impulse traffic in sympathetic afferent fibres from the heart, great vessels and pleura, and have attempted to identify cardiac nociceptors that on the basis of their functional characteristics might have a role in the initiation of cardiac pain [20].
• The use of the CA 125 serum assay as a single diagnostic tool is restricted by the fact that the antigen to CA 125 is also produced by normal epithelia (peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium) [21].
• Expression of CD34 by solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura, mediastinum, and lung [22].
• A review of the literature revealed that fibrous hematopoietic tumors associated with AMM arise predominantly in the retroperitoneum, pelvis, mesentery, and pleura [23].

Associations of Pleura with chemical compounds

• Pleural mesothelial cells (PMC) from the parietal pleura of rats were incubated in culture with UICC A chrysotile fibers [24].
• A heparan sulfate proteoglycan was the major proteoglycan identified in the gas exchange tissue and in the pleura [25].
• Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine lung gas exchange tissue, pleura, and bronchioles with 4.0 M guanidinium chloride at 5 degrees C in the presence of protease inhibitors [25].
• The mechanisms responsible for these phenomena probably are (1) a selective block to glucose transport from blood to pleural fluid, (2) enhanced glucose use by rheumatoid pleura, and (3) an efflux block to the end products of pleural space glucose metabolism [26].
• Effects of erythromycin on the rabbit pleura: its potential role as a pleural sclerosant [27].

Gene context of Pleura

• METHODS: Normal and inflamed pleura were examined immunohistochemically for the presence of FLT-1 (the fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor of VEGF) [28].
• RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining of normal and diseased pleura demonstrated the presence of the FLT-1 VEGF receptor on human mesothelial cells [28].
• Cancer cells in malignant PE expressed CXCR4, and mesothelial cells of the pleura stained positive for SDF-1alpha [29].
• Immunohistochemical analyses of normal, fibrotic, and neoplastic pleura were performed to determine whether TFPI antigen was expressed in vivo [30].
• RESULTS: TSP-1 was highly expressed in 74 of the 78 MPM tumors (95%) with a mean value of 2.27 +/- 0.42 compared with normal pleura (0.50 +/- 0.06) and surrounding normal lung (0.96 +/- 0.20) (P = 0.05 vs. normal pleura and P = 0.0006 vs. surrounding normal lung) [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Pleura

• RT-PCR screening and immunostaining revealed expression of water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in microvascular endothelia near the visceral and parietal pleura and in mesothelial cells in visceral pleura [32].
• When available, closed needle biopsies and autopsy specimens of parietal pleura were examined for amyloid deposits [33].
• Once the tip of the sheath catheter has passed the tumor and reached the visceral pleura, as confirmed by computed tomography fluoroscopy, indigo carmine is injected through a bronchoscope into the lung parenchyma just beneath the visceral pleura [34].
• When immunohistochemistry was performed on pleural tissues, antigenic IL-8 was detected in the mesothelial cells lining the tuberculous pleura [35].
• Overdose of tetracycline for pleurodesis leading to chemical burns of the pleura [36].

References