Disease relevance of Nitrotetrazolium Blue

• Phagocytosis of Legionella by AM was associated with a localized respiratory burst, as indicated by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction around ingested organisms [1].
• NBT staining in osteoclasts was decreased in bones coincubated with calcitonin, an inhibitor of bone resorption [2].
• Fibroblast nitroblue tetrazolium test and the in-utero diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease [3].
• Presence of acute myocardial infarction was determined by nitroblue tetrazolium staining [4].
• Various neutrophilic properties were studied: Fc receptors, complement receptors (CR1, CR3), phagocytosis of both live and dead opsonized Staphylococcus aureus, microbial killing of S aureus, NBT dye reduction after cellular stimulation with endotoxin, and chemotaxis [5].

Psychiatry related information on Nitrotetrazolium Blue

• Five tests investigating different aspects of the nonspecific defense mechanisms including capillary tube random migration, particle ingestion activity, quantitative and histochemical nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and serum lysozyme concentrations were performed in 46 patients with Hodgkin's disease [6].
• The early (10 min) and late (40 min) adherence to tissue substrates, chemotaxis, attachment and phagocytosis of Candida albicans, ingestion of inert particles (latex beads), and basal oxidative metabolism [measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction] were significantly stimulated by the physical activity [7].

High impact information on Nitrotetrazolium Blue

• The locomotion of one patient's neutrophils in vitro was less than 50 per cent of that of normal neutrophils, and migration of this patient's neutrophils into dermal abrasions was reduced, although phagocytosis and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction were normal [8].
• Avoidance of these problems might have prevented the early optimism and subsequent disillusionment with the diagnostic value of two selected examples: the carcinoembryonic antigen and nitro-blue tetrazolium tests [9].
• After 5 d of culture in the presence of rTNF and LT, a significant proportion of the myeloid cell lines express monocyte differentiation antigens and ANAE activity, and become able to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and mediate low levels of ADCC against tumor target cells [10].
• This occurred without a respiratory burst as judged by intracellular reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium and quantitative release of superoxide [11].
• Approximately 70% of MGC and macrophages exhibited superoxide-dependent reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium during stimulation [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Nitrotetrazolium Blue

• During norepinephrine administration in the absence of hypertension, the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable rate of reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium was 0.44 +/- 0.17 nM/min per cm2 [13].
• The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium during hypertension was also inhibited by prior treatment of the brain surface with phenylglyoxal at pH 10, to induce irreversible inhibition of the anion channel [13].
• The effect of a mixture of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and vitamin E on the metabolism and ultrastructure of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from normal subjects or patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) was determined in vitro [14].
• In a series of 12 dogs having an acute experimental anterior myocardial infarct, the size of the infarct was measured using, successively, single photon emission transaxial tomography (SPETT) with thallium-201, conventional planar scintigraphy of the anatomic slices, and planimetry of these slices after nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) staining [15].
• Alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), a compound documented to inhibit oxidative stress in models of stroke, sepsis, and parkinsonism, partially inhibited complex I-stimulated H2O2 flux and NBT reduction and also protected complex I from DPI-mediated inactivation while trapping the phenyl radical product of DPI reduction [16].

Biological context of Nitrotetrazolium Blue

• Estimation of Legionella pneumophila virulence by nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction [17].
• This was manifested by the appearance of nitroblue tetrazolium-positive cells together with CD38 expression and c-Myc down-regulation [18].
• Granulocytes collected by both FL and CFC leukapheresis (CFCL) functioned normally in the quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium, oxygen consumption, and chemotaxis assays [19].
• Changes of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in the bipotential cell differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 cells were investigated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), with special reference to morphological and functional changes, such as phagocytosis and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction [20].
• Long-term exposure (5 days) of HL-60 cells to IFN-gamma caused an increase in nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reducing and nonspecific esterase (NSE) activity and induced expression of Fc gamma RI (CD64) without significant effects on cell number, adherence, or phagocytic activity [21].

Anatomical context of Nitrotetrazolium Blue

• The HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell line can be induced to terminally differentiate to mature myeloid cells sharing a number of functional characteristics with normal granulocytes including response to chemoattractants, development of complement receptors, phagocytosis, superoxide production, and nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction [22].
• In both combinations, monocyte hybrids were observed with nitroblue tetrazolium reductase activity after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate [23].
• Like other inducers, these agents decreased HL-60 cell proliferation and caused the cells to acquire an ability to phagocytose opsonized yeast and reduce nitroblue tetrazolium [24].
• We also found that isolated avian osteoclasts stained positively for NBT [2].
• The cells of normal colony-forming unit in culture colonies grown in semisolid medium reduced nitroblue tetrazolium dye when stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate; none of the cells from colonies derived from CGD marrow did so [25].

Associations of Nitrotetrazolium Blue with other chemical compounds

• In vitro activation of resident and chemically-elicited cells by 72 h of exposure to mitogen- and antigen-prepared lymphokines, conditions that induce trypanocidal (5) and leishmanicidal activity (14), stimulated O2- and H2O2 release, and enhanced nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in response to toxoplasma ingestion [26].
• During starvation, neurons reduced nitroblue tetrazolium to form the blue precipitate formazan, and the color change was blocked in neurons preloaded with superoxide dismutase [27].
• Nitroprusside and NaNO2, which activate cytosolic guanylate cyclase and increase the intracellular cGMP concentration, induced granulocytic differentiation of the human promyelocytic cell line HL-60; differentiation was measured by acquisition of the OKM1 antigen, morphological changes, and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction [28].
• Other tests showed the patient's granulocytes to engulf latex particles normally, but to have impaired reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium and ferricytochrome-c as well as reduced iodination [29].
• No abnormalities of the PHA cells, as compared to normal control cells, were found when tested for quantitative leukocyte enzyme activities, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, superoxide production, generation of chemiluminescence, or iodination [30].

Gene context of Nitrotetrazolium Blue

• The cells expressing a high level of D-factor receptor were induced to differentiate by D-factor; about 60% of the cells exhibited the ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium and expression of the differentiation antigen Mac-1 (CD11b) on the cell surface increased [31].
• Most of the differentiation markers, except for reduction of nitroblue-tetrazolium, were not induced by IFN-alpha or -beta [32].
• Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, however, was maximally induced when rhuGM-CSF and rhuG-CSF were added in combination [33].
• However, nitroblue tetrazolium reducing activity was synergistically induced by combinations of TGF-beta 1 and TNF [34].
• Addition of PA promoted the synthesis of superoxide in the PLD alpha-depleted plants, as measured by chemiluminescence and superoxide dismutase-inhibitable, NADPH-dependent reduction of cytochrome c and nitroblue tetrazolium [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Nitrotetrazolium Blue

• Prenatal diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease: unreliability of fibroblast nitroblue tetrazolium test [36].
• Although there was good correlation in infarct sizing between NBT and histologic techniques at 2 and 48 hr of reperfusion, NBT underestimated infarct size at 15 and 30 min [37].
• Linear regression analysis of results from these three comparisons gave good correlations (r = 0.89) for groups 1 and 2; in group 2, the extent of dyssynergy by two-dimensional echocardiography was consistently greater than infarct size by NBT [38].
• The effects of GM-CSF on individual cell light scatter changes, membrane potential, and oxidant responses induced by the chemoattractant N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) were assessed by flow cytometry and by scoring individual cells for nitroblue tetrazolium dye (NBT) reduction [39].
• The amount of reduced nitroblue tetrazolium deposited on the brain surface was measured spectrophotometrically after fixation of the brain by perfusion with aldehydes to eliminate interference from hemoglobin [40].

References