Disease relevance of Flagella

• Geobacter metallireducens specifically expresses flagella and pili only when grown on insoluble Fe(III) or Mn(IV) oxide, and is chemotactic towards Fe(II) and Mn(II) under these conditions [1].
• This motility-linked symbiosis resembles the association of locomotory spirochetes with the Australian termite flagellate Mixotricha (Cleveland, L. R., and A. V. Grimstone, 1964, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 159:668-686), except that in our case propulsion is provided by bacterial flagella themselves [2].
• Borrelia burgdorferi periplasmic flagella have both skeletal and motility functions [3].
• Growth in the presence of cyclic GMP derivatives resulted in the loss of flagella and pili formation and concomitant resistance to both DNA phage phiCbK and RNA phage phiCb5 infection without affecting growth rate, stalk formation, and equatorial cell division [4].
• In Gram-negative bacteria, the filamentous surface appendages fimbriae and flagella form a major group of plasminogen receptors [5].

Psychiatry related information on Flagella

• Interestingly, the remaining DHC1b is normally distributed in the mutant flagella, strongly suggesting that the defect is in binding of cargo to the retrograde motor rather than in motor activity per se [6].

High impact information on Flagella

• We identify a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (CrPKG) within flagella as the substrate of a protein tyrosine kinase activated by flagellar adhesion during fertilization [7].
• We show that this novel protein localizes to basal bodies in mouse and C. elegans, is under the regulatory control of daf-19, and is necessary for the generation of both cilia and flagella [8].
• Two dyneins have been isolated from axonemes of Chlamydomonas flagella by a three step procedure consisting of extraction in a high salt containing buffer, hydroxyapatite chromatography and sedimentation in sucrose gradient [9].
• Flagellin, the protomeric subunit of bacterial flagella, contains no cysteine [10].
• In sea urchin sperm flagella, axonemal microtubules are found to be stabilized by a protein identical to histone H1, a result that defines a new role for this histone and provides evidence for a concerted evolution of chromatin and microtubular structures [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Flagella

• Parenteral application of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagella vaccine elicits specific anti-flagella antibodies in the airways of healthy individuals [12].
• The polar flagella of Vibrio alginolyticus are driven by sodium motive force and those motors are specifically and strongly inhibited by phenamil, an amiloride analog that is thought to interact with a sodium channel of the flagellar motor [13].
• Suppression of macrophage spreading was evident not only with intact Legionella preparations and the sonic extract but also with a lipopolysaccharide-rich somatic antigen preparation and flagella [14].
• The same polysaccharide conjugated to flagella of Salmonella typhi induced an antibody response which was 88% IgG3 [15].
• Detection of flagella in 278 Legionella strains by latex reagent sensitized with antiflagellum immunoglobulins [16].

Biological context of Flagella

• They are required for spindles during mitosis and meiosis, for axonal transport, for organelle positioning, and for cilia and flagella. gamma-tubulin is necessary to initiate the assembly of alpha-beta tubulin heterodimers into microtubule polymers [17].
• In bacterial chemotaxis, phosphorylated CheY levels control the sense of flagella rotation and thereby determine swimming behavior [18].
• Glycosylation may also be taking place in the flagellum directly because [14C]xylose has been found in three flagellar fractions: glycoprotein and two others, which are lipophilic and have properties similar to those described for lipid-carrier glycoprotein intermediates in other systems [19].
• First, we show that down-regulation of intraflagellar transport leads to assembly of a shorter flagellum [20].
• The flagella were first fragmented by sonication, demembranated by Nonidet P-40, and then perfused under a microscope with Mg-ATP and nagarse, a bacterial protease with broad substrate specificity [21].

Anatomical context of Flagella

• This knowledge is fundamental for understanding the sites, molecular targets and mechanisms of action of Ca(2+) within the cilium of flagellum [22].
• Near the end of spermiogenesis, basonuclin also accumulated in the acrosome and mitochondrial sheath surrounding the flagellum [23].
• Antibodies to tubulin reacted with both the disk and flagella in isolated cytoskeletons but bound only to the microtubules in these structures [24].
• Adenylate cyclase activity was detected in both the gamete cell body and flagella, with the highest specific activity displayed in flagellar membrane fractions [25].
• In the absence of this sequence, the mutant PFRA proteins were localized both in the cytosol and in the flagellum where they could still be added along the length of the PFR [26].

Associations of Flagella with chemical compounds

• Local reactivation of Triton-extracted flagella by iontophoretic application of ATP [27].
• Lithium reversibly inhibits microtubule-based motility in sperm flagella [28].
• We have found that EHNA has an unusual effect on the flagella of Leishmania promastigotes in that it alters both the waveform and polarity of the beat [29].
• The flagellar apparatus (both flagella with basal bodies and accessory structures) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was isolated from a wall-less mutant and induced to swim in the presence of adenosine triphosphate [30].
• This article focuses on the initial steps of this regulation: how and where Ca(2+) enters cilia and flagella to trigger specific changes in axonemal motility [22].

Gene context of Flagella

• We conclude that Pcnt, IFTs, and PC2 form a complex in vertebrate cells that is required for assembly of primary cilia and possibly motile cilia and flagella [31].
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 4 (BBS4)-null mice implicate Bbs4 in flagella formation but not global cilia assembly [32].
• Flagellar growth continued within the short rn null cysts to produce large bulbous terminations of intertwined mature flagella [33].
• BACKGROUND: Kinesin II-mediated anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for the assembly and maintenance of flagella and cilia in various cell types [34].
• IFT20 links kinesin II with a mammalian intraflagellar transport complex that is conserved in motile flagella and sensory cilia [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Flagella

• Polystyrene microbeads are still translocated on the surface of the flagella of LC8 mutants, indicating that the motor for flagellar surface motility is different than the motor for retrograde IFT [36].
• As determined by Nomarski or phase-contrast microscopy, no cells had flagella immediately after isolation; flagella were first clearly detected after 6 1/2 h of culture in Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 6 mM lactate [37].
• Thin-layer chromatography of hydrolysates of whole flagella or of isolated mastigonemes has indicated that the major carbohydrate moiety is the pentose sugar, xylose, with possibly a small amount of glucose and an unknown minor component [38].
• Third, Western blots indicate that within flagella, CKI is anchored exclusively to the axoneme [39].
• Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that S-AKAP84 is co-localized with mitochondria in the flagellum [40].

References