Disease relevance of Adenoids

• Patients awaiting operations for hernia, varicose veins, arthroscopy, cataract, tonsils and adenoids, or sterilisation made up 45% of the lists [1].
• In order to study the activity of carboplatin against cancer of the head and neck, 31 patients with recurrent or metastatic disease (30 squamous-cell and one adenoid cystic carcinoma) were treated with doses of 60 to 80 mg/m2 administered daily by intravenous (IV) bolus injections for five days, repeated at every 4- to 5-week intervals [2].
• Transplantation of the cells into athymic nude mice resulted in production of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma containing CEA and amylase [3].
• LT1-R and LT2-R mRNA was similarly abundant in adenoid tissues, but increased LT1-R and LT2-R protein expression and higher levels of LTB4 and LTC4/D4/E4 emerged in children with obstructive sleep apnea [4].
• The expression of mRNAs for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was examined in 42 cases of primary lung cancer tissues (18 adenocarcinomas, 18 squamous cell carcinomas, 2 large cell carcinomas, 3 small cell carcinomas, and 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma) and 4 human lung cancer cell lines [5].

High impact information on Adenoids

• PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the antitumor activity of imatinib in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the salivary gland expressing c-kit [6].
• Imatinib mesylate can induce objective response in progressing, highly expressing KIT adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands [7].
• Extracellular matrix production and degradation by adenoid cystic carcinoma cells: participation of plasminogen activator and its inhibitor in matrix degradation [8].
• Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is characterized by low mitogenic activity, high invasiveness, and vigorous production and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) [8].
• The cytotoxic reaction employed human peripheral blood or adenoid lymphocytes sensitized in MLC to allogeneic B lymphocyte cell lines and lysis was measured in a short-term 51Cr-release assay [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Adenoids

• CONCLUSION: Mitoxantrone at this dose and schedule has modest activity in adenoid cystic carcinomas [10].
• Epirubicin in patients with advanced or recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: a phase II study of the EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group [11].
• The study shows that levels of azithromycin in tonsillar and adenoid tissue were consistently higher than in serum and remained elevated up to 8 days after the end of dosing, supporting the use of a short-course (3-day), once-daily regimen of azithromycin in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections [12].
• Pleomorphic adenomas contained relatively more low-sulphated chondroitin sulphate than adenoid cystic carcinomas and other tumours [13].
• Archival, routinely processed slides were subjected to citrate-based antigen retrieval, exposure to anti-p63 monoclonal 4A4, and developed with a streptavidin-biotin kit and diaminobenzidine as chromogen. p63 was detected in 100% of the adenoid cystic carcinomas (n=14) and 100% of basaloid squamous cell carcinomas (n=16) [14].

Biological context of Adenoids

• In this study, we examined the methylation status of E-cadherin gene and its protein expression in 23 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma and correlated the results with the clinicopathologic factors to determine its role in these tumors [15].
• Loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite alterations in p53 and RB genes in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands [16].
• The immunoreactivity of tenascin, an extra cellular matrix glycoprotein, spatially and temporarily expressed in a site restricted manner during embryogenesis, wound healing and various benign and malignant tumours, was evaluated in 24 cases of adenoid basal cell carcinoma of the skin [17].
• Perlecan (heparan sulfate proteoglycan) gene expression reflected in the characteristic histological architecture of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma [18].
• Routine cultures of these areas were performed in the bacteriology laboratory of the Children's Hospital of Buffalo. RESULTS: Bacterial pathogens were isolated from 79% of adenoids and 46% of lateral walls of the nose [19].

Anatomical context of Adenoids

• Immunohistochemistry of consecutive sections from pharyngeal tonsil revealed that CD2(+) T lymphocytes were positive for the BHV-1 envelope glycoprotein gD [20].
• Human mast cell heterogeneity: histamine release from mast cells dispersed from skin, lung, adenoids, tonsils, and colon in response to IgE-dependent and nonimmunologic stimuli [21].
• Proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin (HA) of human influenza viruses A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and A/WSN/34 (H1N1) from HA0 to HA1/HA2 was studied in primary human adenoid epithelial cells (HAEC) [22].
• Using purified B or T lymphocytes from peripheral blood, tonsils or adenoids, we observed an absence of B lymphocyte response to isoproterenol, whereas T lymphocytes, which had a lower basal c-AMP level than B cells, exhibited in all experiments a significant increase in cAMP content after isoproterenol stimulation [23].
• In contrast, 78 cases were negative for cytokeratin 20, whereas only six cases (two mucoepidermoid, one adenoid cystic, and three salivary duct) displayed focal weak positivity [24].

Associations of Adenoids with chemical compounds

• We have compared the ability of anti-IgE, calcium ionophore A23187, substance P, compound 48/80, poly-L-lysine, and morphine to release histamine from mast cells of human skin, lung, adenoids, tonsils, and colon [21].
• Adenoid cells were cultured with allergen or recall antigen [25].
• RESULTS: Montelukast treatment induced significant reductions in adenoid size and respiratory-related sleep disturbances, which were absent in 16 children with SDB who did not receive treatment [4].
• Plasma, tonsil, and adenoid samples were analyzed for cis and trans isomers of cefprozil by high-performance liquid chromatographic assays [26].
• The corresponding concentrations of the cis isomer in adenoid tissue ranged from 0.40 to 4.20 micrograms/g and from 1.74 to 4.94 micrograms/g, respectively [26].

Gene context of Adenoids

• In seven cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), both duct-like cells and modified myoepithelial cells were apparently immunopositive for FGF-1, FGF-2, and FGFR-1 [27].
• We also investigated the status of the PLAG1 gene in four cases (one PA, one CaPA, one adenoid cystic carcinoma, and one mucoepidermoid carcinoma) with 8q12 rearrangements [28].
• We conclude that HMGB1, produced and stored intracellularly in the adenoid gland, contributes to the local antibacterial barrier defense system in the upper respiratory tract [29].
• Our study shows that adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast is a special, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER-2 negative and highly KIT-positive, basal-like breast carcinoma, associated with an excellent prognosis [30].
• In this study, we investigated the mechanism of increased expression of SCC-Ag in a cell line SCCMM derived from an aggressive adenoid SCC with high titer of SCC-Ag in the patient serum [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Adenoids

• By contrast, incubation of adenoid tissue with dirithromycin (0.125 to 1.0 microg/ml) for 4 h prior to assembling the organ culture reduced the mucosal damage caused by subsequent H. influenzae infection by as much as 50% [32].
• PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1984 and 1997, 25 patients with primary tracheal carcinoma were treated with external beam radiotherapy (17 squamous-cell carcinoma [SCC], 8 adenoid cystic carcinoma [ACC], median dose SCC 60 Gy. ACC 55 Gy) [33].
• One of the most active components isolated from adenoids was identified by N-terminal sequence analysis and mass spectrometry as high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) [29].
• This LT class was produced by concanavalin A-stimulated human adenoid and tonsil lymphocytes in vitro and purified approximately 1000 fold by a scheme employing lectin affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose, negative hydrophobic affinity chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose, and molecular sieving on Ultrogel AcA 44 [34].
• The results showed that total adenoid histamine content of both drug groups was significantly raised (p less than 0.05) when compared to the control group [35].

References