Disease relevance of Tonsil

• Tangier disease is a familial disorder characterized by orange tonsils, cholesterol ester deposition in reticuloendothelial cells, abnormal chylomicron remnants, and a marked reduction in high density lipoproteins [1].
• Very small proportions of EBV-infected cells, mainly blasts, expressed IL-10 in infectious mononucleosis tonsils [2].
• Group 2 isolates (HD, n = 1; AILD, n = B-NHL, n = 1; tonsils of EBV-seropositive children, n = 9; IM, n = 20 showed a nucleotide change at position 49095 in the EBNA-2 gene, leading to an amino acid substitution (Pro-->Ser), and EBV type-2 sequences in the EBER region [3].
• Benign lymph nodes had lower telomerase activity than benign tonsils, which exhibited intermediate to high activity comparable with findings in malignant lymphomas [4].
• The NOTCH ligand, JAG2, was found to be overexpressed in malignant plasma cells from multiple myeloma (MM) patients and cell lines but not in nonmalignant plasma cells from tonsils, bone marrow from healthy individuals, or patients with other malignancies [5].

Psychiatry related information on Tonsil

• Abnormal accumulations of prion protein (PrP) can be detected in the spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils of patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) [6].

High impact information on Tonsil

• Memory but not naive T cells from tonsils are CXCR5(+) and migrate in response to the B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), which is selectively expressed by reticular cells and blood vessels within B cell follicles [7].
• Finally, detection by in situ hybridization of MIP-3alpha mRNA only within inflamed epithelial crypts of tonsils, and of MIP-3beta mRNA specifically in T cell-rich areas, suggests a role for MIP-3alpha/CCR6 in recruitment of immature DCs at site of injury and for MIP-3beta/CCR7 in accumulation of antigen-loaded mature DCs in T cell-rich areas [8].
• Here, we demonstrate that CD4+ CD11c-CD3- cells, isolated from tonsils, correspond to the so-called plasmacytoid T cells, an obscure cell type that has long been observed by pathologists within secondary lymphoid tissues [9].
• Engaging CD19 or target of an antiproliferative antibody 1 on human B lymphocytes induces binding of B cells to the interfollicular stroma of human tonsils via integrin alpha 4/beta 1 and fibronectin [10].
• ABC1: connecting yellow tonsils, neuropathy, and very low HDL [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Tonsil

• The mean specific activity of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase in the lymphocytes from patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia was lower than that in lymphocytes from the blood of normal subjects or from tonsils [12].
• Seven adult patients with a severe form of sleep apnea syndrome (mean apnea index, 47) underwent surgery for significant structural abnormalities at nose and/or throat level (septal deviation, turbinal hypertrophy, enlarged tonsils, long uvula, pharyngeal tumor) [13].
• Stimulated B-lymphocytes, isolated from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia of B-cell type (B-CLL cells) or from human tonsils, produced similar amounts of leukotriene (LT) B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) as polymorphonuclear granulocytes [14].
• When squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) involves the palatine tonsils, they are generally enlarged and demonstrate intermediate to high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images and enhance after gadolinium administration [15].
• Rabies virus RNA was detected in tonsils from all seven dogs by nested RT-PCR, with primers to the viral glycoprotein [16].

Biological context of Tonsil

• We investigated, with special reference to FDCs, the localization of cytokine receptors as well as cytokines themselves in human tonsils by several means, including immunochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization [17].
• We isolated the full-length chicken IL-10 (chIL-10) cDNA from an expressed sequence tag library derived from RNA from cecal tonsils of Eimeria tenella-infected chickens [18].
• Although monocytes and macrophages from spleen, lymph nodes, or tonsils show a substantial increase in oxidative burst after TREM-1 cross-linking, no effect is seen in intestinal macrophages [19].
• Chemokine gene expression paralleled follicular maturation: in tonsils, where approximately 80% of follicles are polarized, CCL11 and CCL20 mRNA-positive cells were detected more frequently than in lymph nodes from adults, where about half of follicles are non-polarized [20].
• Using polymerase chain reaction, we subsequently analyzed whether similar S mu-sigma delta recombinations occur in normal tonsils containing IgM-IgD+ plasma cells [21].

Anatomical context of Tonsil

• Immunohistochemistry indicated a selective expression of ERalpha protein in the germinal centers but not in the follicular mantle zone of murine spleens and human tonsils [22].
• Analysis of B cells in the human tonsils identified CD38 expression as a hallmark of germinal center (GC) B cells [23].
• In proportion to the cerebrum, WS tonsils were larger than controls'. These results coincide with the remarkable neuropsychological preservation of language and affect in WS, despite general cognitive impairment [24].
• Conversely, CCL20, a chemokine involved in immature DC migration, was expressed in RA synovium and tonsils but not in paired LNs [25].
• Lymphocytes from thymus and peripheral blood (which contain a majority of T cells) were more sensitive to isoproterenol action than lymphocytes from tonsils or adenoids (where B cells are predominant) [26].

Associations of Tonsil with chemical compounds

• Roxithromycin disposition in tonsils after single and repeated administrations [27].
• The in vivo effects of penicillin and cefprozil therapy on the interaction between organisms commonly recovered from inflamed tonsils were studied by using a subcutaneous abscess model in mice [28].
• Lymphocyte chemokinetic factors derived from human tonsils: modulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) [29].
• The effect of pre-incisional infiltration of tonsils with bupivacaine on the pain following tonsillectomy under general anesthesia [30].
• Conditions were optimized for detecting cyclin A and cyclin D in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the postnatal human palatine tonsil, in which normal cell proliferation is well characterized [31].

Gene context of Tonsil

• In the binding assays, the numbers of FDCs bound to fibronectin- and laminin-coated dishes and LFs of cryostat sections of human tonsils were reduced markedly by pretreatment with monoclonal antibodies against CD29, CD49e, and CD49f [32].
• Functional markers of Treg activity (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, TGF-beta, and CD80) were markedly increased in the tonsils of untreated patients [33].
• Previous studies indicated that EBI3 is expressed in the spleen and tonsils, and at high levels in full-term placenta [34].
• Furthermore, HOXC5 expression was consistently absent in reactive cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates, hyperplastic tonsils and lymph nodes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes either unstimulated or stimulated by a cocktail of CD3 and CD28 antibodies [35].
• Extrafollicular cells expressing CCL21 and CCL24 were again more frequent in tonsils than in LNs from adults [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Tonsil

• Both quantitative RT-PCR measurements of microdissected GC cells from tonsils showed that GC cells had low expression of BCL2 transcripts commensurate with the low protein expression level [36].
• In the present study, anti-Tac antibody was used to determine the location of cells expressing IL 2 receptors in frozen sections of human lymph nodes and tonsils by means of an immunoperoxidase technique [37].
• This study therefore investigated the expression of FasL protein in tonsils and lymph nodes with lymphofollicular hyperplasia by western blotting and immunohistochemistry [38].
• Real-time PCR studies indicate that BPIL1 and BPIL3 are highly expressed in hypertrophic tonsils [39].
• Primary, non-transformed B cells from the spleen in mice and the tonsils or peripheral blood in humans have proven to be informative models for dissection of the biochemical events leading to B cell activation [40].

References