Disease relevance of Pulmonary Veins

• We produced lung injury edema in dogs with oleic acid and directly measured small (less than 2 mm) pulmonary vein pressure [1].
• Ultrastructural changes in intraacinar pulmonary veins. Relationship to 3-methylindole-induced acute pulmonary edema and pulmonary arterial changes in cattle [2].
• A right superior vena cava that emptied into the right superior pulmonary vein and a persistent left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus were confirmed pathologically after death related to a brain abscess [3].
• A case of localized stenosis of the lower left pulmonary vein, associated with perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) and secundum atrial defect (ASD), a borderline sized mitral valve apparatus and left ventricle, is described [4].
• In contrast, pulmonary veins from hypertensive calves, which are protected from the hemodynamic stress of pulmonary arterial hypertension, did not demonstrate altered PGI2 production compared to controls [5].

High impact information on Pulmonary Veins

• Human subjects had lower plasma ANF concentrations in the pulmonary vein or the pulmonary capillary wedge position when compared with the pulmonary artery, and both sites yielded pulmonary ANF extraction ratios of 24% [6].
• Results of the present study indicate that the prostaglandin analogs increase pulmonary vascular resistance by actively contricting pulmonary veins and vessels upstream to small veins, presumed to be small arteries [7].
• The abundance of OTR mRNA in the vena cava and pulmonary vein was associated with high atrial natriuretic peptide mRNA [8].
• Distances between atrial septal defect and mitral and tricuspid annulus and the orifices of the caval and pulmonary veins were also measured [9].
• These nerve fibers course through an epicardial fat pad at the margin of the right superior pulmonary vein, the superior vena cava, and the right atrium [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Pulmonary Veins

• To evaluate the use of N,N,N'-trimethyl-N,-[2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5 iodobenzyl-1, 3 propanediamine iodine-123 (HIPDM) in lung imagings for the diagnosis of individual pulmonary vein stenosis, 14 single-pulmonary vein-banded rats underwent lung imaging [11].
• Dose-response studies showed that only sensitized pulmonary veins exhibited hypersensitivity, but not hyper-reactivity, to norepinephrine [12].
• Electrical connections between left superior pulmonary vein, left atrium, and ligament of Marshall: implications for mechanisms of atrial fibrillation [13].
• The predisposing etiologies were severe hypoglycemia and a hypertonic glucose infusion into a branch of the left lower lobe pulmonary vein [14].
• Impact of amiodarone on electrophysiologic properties of pulmonary veins in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation [15].

Biological context of Pulmonary Veins

• In Pitx2 mutant embryos, descendents of Pitx2-expressing cells failed to contribute to the atrioventricular cushions and valves and the pulmonary vein, resulting in abnormal morphogenesis of these structures [16].
• 4. Administration of propranolol after section in the rostral medulla reduced the reflex increase in heart rate in response to pulmonary vein distension by an amount similar to that previously described in intact and decerebrate animals [17].
• Hemodynamic overload (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, 17.20 +/- 3.80 mm Hg) might contribute to enhanced ANF gene expression only in extraparenchymal pulmonary vein walls of 150-day-old CMPH [18].
• Time-dependent enhancement of xylazine-induced, alpha-2 adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in isolated and perfused canine pulmonary veins [19].
• 1. We investigated the potent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-mediated vasorelaxation of the sheep pulmonary vein [20].

Anatomical context of Pulmonary Veins

• The common pulmonary vein, which connected the pulmonary veins to a systemic vein in the abdomen, was seen lying parallel and anterior to the descending aorta and to the left of the inferior vena cava [21].
• Fatemapping studies using a Pitx2 cre recombinase knock-in allele showed that daughters of Pitx2-expressing cells populated the right and left ventricles, atrioventricular cushions and valves and pulmonary veins [16].
• Tumor emboli trapped in the vessels of lungs and lymph nodes and single tumor cells observed in the pulmonary vein implied that FGF-1-overexpressing MCF-7 cells are deficient in their ability to extravasate [22].
• We conclude that remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature in PPH routinely includes thickening of the arterial adventitia and frequently also includes changes in the walls of the pulmonary veins [23].
• The CI (267 +/- 54 ms vs. 217 +/- 55 ms, p < 0.05), AF1 (194 +/- 36 ms vs. 153 +/- 37 ms, p < 0.05) and PI (0.49 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.37 +/- 0.11, p < 0.01) of the AF episodes from the superior vena cava (SVC) were significantly longer and greater than those of AF episodes from pulmonary veins (PVs) [24].

Associations of Pulmonary Veins with chemical compounds

• Nineteen patients had measurements of hemodynamics, that is, mitral and pulmonary vein flow velocities during the control situation, a decrease in preload by administration of nitroglycerin, an increase in preload by administration of fluids, and an increase in afterload by infusion of phenylephrine [25].
• Acetylcholine, bradykinin, and calcium ionophore A23187 induced a significantly larger endothelium-dependent increase in the intracellular content of cGMP in pulmonary veins than in arteries [26].
• During contraction to endothelin-1 or U46619, acetylcholine, bradykinin, and calcium ionophore A23187 induced larger endothelium-dependent relaxation in pulmonary veins than in arteries [26].
• Nitro-L-arginine had no effect on the resting tension of pulmonary arteries but caused an endothelium-dependent contraction of pulmonary veins [26].
• Effects of thyroid hormone on the arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes [27].

Gene context of Pulmonary Veins

• At the venous pole, BMP2, -5, and -7 mRNA are expressed in the distal myocardial border of the caval vein, while BMP2, -5, -6, and -7 mRNA are expressed in the distal myocardium around the pulmonary vein [28].
• In the pulmonary vein plasma levels of activated factor VII decreased following heparin administration (P < 0.001) in the majority of patients which was coincidental to an increase (P < 0.001) in tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) [29].
• Lungs of eNOS-deficient mice also exhibited a striking paucity of distal arteriolar branches and extensive regions of capillary hypoperfusion, together with misalignment of pulmonary veins, which represent the characteristic features of alveolar capillary dysplasia [30].
• However, in isolated human pulmonary veins two receptors are present, CysLT1 and CysLT2 (Figure 1) [31].
• At 2 months post-injection, lacZ expression persisted only in atrial tissues, pulmonary veins, and great vessels [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Pulmonary Veins

• The appearance of the endothelial pavement pattern was studied in the pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, aorta, and inferior vena cava of the rat by means of silver staining of the cell borders [33].
• MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At the beginning and at the end of total cardiopulmonary bypass (duration, 59-65 mins), blood was aspirated from the right and left pulmonary veins and the radial artery for measurement of blood gases and concentrations of endothelin-1, big-endothelin, thromboxane B2, lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase [34].
• One patient (DORV, HLHS ) with pulmonary vein stents has gone on to a successful Glenn procedure [35].
• "Dormant" pulmonary vein conduction revealed by adenosine after ostial radiofrequency catheter ablation [36].
• The source of bleeding was a tear in the pulmonary vein stump caused by a titanium clip that had been used during mediastinal lymphadenectomy [37].

References