Disease relevance of Norephedrine

• The therapeutic index of phenylpropanolamine is low, and severe hypertension may occur after ingestion of less than three times the therapeutic dose [1].
• RESULTS: Seven percent reported overall nonprescription weight loss product use, 2% reported PPA use, and 1% reported ephedra product use [2].
• Acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis after ingestion of phenylpropanolamine-containing diet pills [3].
• We determined the pressor effect of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, a widely used sympathomimetic agent, in 14 patients with autonomic failure and orthostatic hypotension [4].
• Pseudopheochromocytoma and cardiac arrest associated with phenylpropanolamine [5].

Psychiatry related information on Norephedrine

• Affective disorder following use of phenylpropanolamine [6].
• It is concluded that phenylpropanolamine may help reduce weight gain associated with smoking abstinence and in this way may enhance smoking cessation efforts in certain individuals [7].
• We added phenylpropanolamine OROS (Acutrim; Ciba-Geigy Corp.) or placebo to a physician-managed behavior modification, mild caloric restriction, and exercise weight control program [8].
• This hypothesis is supported by prior research, which documents that PPA is a direct-acting agonist predominantly at alpha 1 adrenoceptors, that microinjections into the PVN of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists PPA and l-phenylephrine suppress feeding, and that injections of alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists within the PVN enhance feeding behavior [9].
• Catatonia associated with phenylpropanolamine overdose and fluphenazine treatment: case report [10].

High impact information on Norephedrine

• Blood pressure was also significantly raised by administration of 12.5 mg of oral phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride in five additional patients [4].
• Oral administration of 25 mg of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride in nine patients produced significant increases in systolic (32 mm Hg), diastolic (15 mm Hg), and mean (21 mm Hg) blood pressures [4].
• The most important toxic effect of the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylpropanolamine is hypertension, which may result in hypertensive encephalopathy or intracerebral hemorrhage [1].
• Renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, and phenylpropanolamine [11].
• Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is contained in about 106 products, over half of which are available over-the-counter (OTC) [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Norephedrine

• The hypertension was attributed to a drug interaction whereby the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin exacerbated the sympathomimetic effects of phenylpropanolamine [13].
• Cerebral hemorrhage associated with phenylpropanolamine in combination with caffeine [14].
• Propranolol antagonism of phenylpropanolamine-induced hypertension [15].
• We administered a questionnaire to assess maintenance of patients' blindness at the end of a double-blind clinical trial of Osmotic Release Oral System phenylpropanolamine (PPA) vs. placebo in mild obesity [16].
• These studies explore the safety and efficacy of low-dose PPA, pseudoephedrine, and PPA with benzocaine in causing weight loss [17].

Biological context of Norephedrine

• Phenylpropanolamine and blood pressure [18].
• Effect of phenylpropanolamine on energy expenditure and weight loss in overweight women [19].
• Postpartum intracranial hemorrhage and phenylpropanolamine use [20].
• Effects of chronic phenylpropanolamine infusion and termination on body weight, food consumption and water consumption in rats [21].
• A simple norephedrine-based chiral ligand was synthesized that gives alkylation product in 95% yield and 95% ee [22].

Anatomical context of Norephedrine

• The anorexic action of PPA may result, in part, from its interaction with alpha 1-adrenergic receptors within the paraventricular medial hypothalamus (PVN) [9].
• The effects of phenylpropanolamine on human sympathetic nervous system function [23].
• Kinetic analysis of phenylpropanolamine action on skeletal muscle channels indicated that phenylpropanolamine reduced the closed probability via two separate mechanisms [24].
• Two methods for the enantiomeric separation of chiral ephedrine alkaloids (ephedrine, methylephedrine, methylpseudoephedrine and norephedrine) by capillary zone electrophoresis in uncoated capillaries were developed [25].
• Phenylpropanolamine constricts mouse and human blood vessels by preferentially activating alpha2-adrenoceptors [26].

Associations of Norephedrine with other chemical compounds

• Coadministration of caffeine and phenylpropanolamine produced an additive increase in blood pressure [27].
• Plasma concentrations of cathinone and its metabolites norephedrine and R,R-(-)norpseudoephedrine were determined by HPLC [28].
• Two catecholamines (epinephrine and isoproterenol) and two structurally related compounds (octopamine and norephedrine) were selected as test compounds in an electrophoretic system at low pH [29].
• N-[3-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)phenyl]ethanesulfonamide (ABT-866, 1),(1) a novel alpha(1)-adrenoceptor ligand with an enhanced in vitro and in vivo profile relative to phenylpropanolamine and midodrine [30].
• Terfenadine with or without phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis [31].

Gene context of Norephedrine

• Effects of the alpha 1a-adrenoceptor antagonist RS-17053 on phenylpropanolamine-induced anorexia in rats [32].
• Cardiomyopathy induced by phenylpropanolamine [33].
• RESULTS: In children, the mean (+/-SEM) terminal elimination half-life values for pseudoephedrine, 3.1 +/- 0.5 hours, and for phenylpropanolamine, 2.6 +/- 0.6 hours, were significantly shorter than those found by other investigators in adults [34].
• Our results provided immunohistochemical and genomic evidence to suggest that PPA might reduce feeding by altering NPY gene expression [35].
• We report two case histories of previously healthy patients who both developed persistent dyskinetic syndromes (spasmodic torticollis and cranial dystonia, respectively) following the intake of norpseudoephedrine (NPE) as an appetite suppressant [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Norephedrine

• Phenylpropanolamine exposure and subsequent hospitalization [37].
• Unlike amphetamine, microinjection of PPA into the PFH does not suppress feeding [9].
• Gas chromatography demonstrated phenylpropanolamine in the urine [38].
• Even when used within recommended guidelines, phenylpropanolamine usage should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with intracranial hemorrhage [38].
• Phenylpropanolamine OROS (Acutrim) vs. placebo in combination with caloric restriction and physician-managed behavior modification [8].

References