Disease relevance of Alizarine S

• The correlation of positive alizarin red S staining with radiologic evidence of osteoarthritis suggests that apatite crystals might be related to articular cartilage degeneration in different rheumatic diseases [1].
• Incubation of both hOBs entering the mineralization phase and osteosarcoma cell lines with recombinant leptin markedly increased the number of mineralized nodules as shown by alizarin S staining [2].
• Growth indices examined in 21-d fetuses were body weight and ossification of sacrococcygeal vertebrae, supraoccipital bone, sternebrae and proximal phalanges in the forepaw stained by alizarin red S [3].
• At 12 h after ischemia, alizarin red positive neurons were decreased [4].
• This modification caused a transient contracture and could be visualized either by 45Ca autoradiography or by Alizarin Red S intracellular precipitations [5].

High impact information on Alizarine S

• TSP3-null mice are viable and fertile and show normal prenatal skeletal patterning, based on Alcian blue/Alizarin red S staining [6].
• Particularly striking was the mineralization of vibrissae, as confirmed by von Kossa and alizarin red stains [7].
• Alizarin red and Alcian blue whole mount analysis of the skeletons from wild-type, Akp2-/-, and [Akp2-/-; Enpp1-/-] mice revealed that although calvarium and vertebrae of double-knockout mice were normalized with respect to mineral deposition, the femur and tibia were not [8].
• Overexpression of the two isoforms induced rapid and marked osteoblast differentiation, with Til-1 being more effective in vitro, by examination of the alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, and Alizarin red staining [9].
• In studies of osteogenesis, the rate of alizarin red-positive colonies was highest in bone marrow-, synovium-, and periosteum-derived cells [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Alizarine S

• Osteosarcoma cell lines UMR 106 and SaOS-2 were used to demonstrate that qualitatively, calcein was bound to the same regions of the mineralized cell monolayer as seen by conventional histological staining with von Kossa or Alizarin Red S [11].
• METHODS: The stomach, duodenum and surrounding structures were dissected in 10 cadavers, and immersed in a 10mg/L solution of alizarin red S in ethanol to stain the peripheral nerves [12].
• When normoblasts from patients with chronic erythremic myelosis were stained with the anthraquinone dye, alizarine red S, a purple perinuclear halo appeared [13].

Biological context of Alizarine S

• Alizarin red-S histology demonstrated calcium mineral deposition in the extracellular matrix and what appeared to be intracellular paranuclear staining [14].
• Skeletal staining of complete litters with alcian blue/alizarin red S revealed that the onset of chondrogenesis and subsequent endochondral ossification were delayed in heterozygous and homozygous Del1 embryos [15].
• Bone mineralization in embryonic and postnatal bones was visualized by double staining with alcian blue and alizarin red [16].
• Although this strong SMF exposure did not affect cell proliferation, it up-regulated cell differentiation and matrix synthesis as determined by ALP and alizarin red stainings, respectively [17].
• Necrosis (detected by alizarin red) and apoptosis (detected by active caspase-3) were present among the donor myoblasts following transplantation [18].

Anatomical context of Alizarine S

• Alizarin red S staining as a screening test to detect calcium compounds in synovial fluid [1].
• The present studies show for the first time that demineralized bone re-calcifies rapidly when incubated at 37 degrees C in rat serum: re-calcification can be demonstrated by Alizarin Red and von Kossa stains, by depletion of serum calcium, and by uptake of calcium and phosphate by bone matrix [19].
• When we compared ATDC5 cells transfected with Cst10 cDNA with cells transfected with a mock vector, hypertrophic maturation and mineralization of chondrocytes were promoted by Cst10 gene overexpression in that type X collagen expression was observed earlier, and alizarin red staining was stronger [20].
• In mouse chondrogenic cell line, ATDC5, T3 enhanced differentiation and increased Alizarin red staining, but did not affect Alcian blue staining [21].
• Although apparently normal at birth, Alizarin red staining of null mutant mice showed a reduced calcified area at the frontal suture that caused a round-shaped calvaria with increasing animal age to 3 months [22].

Associations of Alizarine S with other chemical compounds

• Complete labeling of 1 mCi Ga-68 was achieved by 100 micrograms of each compound, amounts that are without any known measurable harm to humans (LD50 alizarin red S for i.v. injected mice = 70 mg/kg (8); LD50 alizarin for i.p. injected mice > 120 mg/kg (18)) [23].
• Rats treated with vitamin D alone and examined at d 4 had extensive Alizarin red staining for calcification in the aorta, the carotid, hepatic, mesenteric, renal and femoral arteries, kidneys and lungs, whereas rats treated with vitamin D plus ibandronate had no evidence for calcification at any of these tissues when examined at d 7 and 10 [24].
• A method has been developed wherein diseased-host penetrating keratoplasty specimens are maintained postoperatively in McCarey-Kaufman medium and are thereafter stained as whole mounts with alizarin red S and trypan blue to evaluate the status of the endothelial monolayer [25].
• For morphological analysis of bone mineralization, 3 rats from each group were given calcein and alizarin red injected at different time points up to 14 weeks [26].
• Following treatment with ascorbate, beta-glycerophosphate, dexamethasone, and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D(3), adipose tissue-derived stromal cells mineralize their extracellular matrix based on detection of calcium phosphate deposits using Alizarin Red and von Kossa histochemical stains [27].

Gene context of Alizarine S

• MATERIALS AND METHODS: In osteoblastogenic cultures, altered bone matrix production by Fra1 overexpression was monitored using Alizarin red staining, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blotting [28].
• This down-regulation of the mRNA was accompanied by reduced ALP enzyme activity by 25%+/-1% (P<0.01), immunocytochemical staining for osteoblastic markers: ALP, Col-I, and bone sialoprotein (BSP) as well as reduced in vitro mineralization as determined by Alizarin red staining [29].
• BMP-7 stimulated a morphological change to cuboidal-shaped cells, increased alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) activity, bone sialoprotein (BSP) gene expression, and alizarin red S positive nodule formation [30].
• Using wild type and Id1/Id3 heterozygous knockout mice, we analyzed calvarial bone formation in the suture by X-ray picture, proliferation, and mineralization activities of primary calvarial osteoblasts by MTT assay and alizarin red staining and onthotopic in vivo bone formation by BMP injection onto calvaria and micro CT analysis [31].
• Skeletal staining of homozygous and heterozygous Del1 mice and their nontransgenic littermates with Alcian blue/Alizarin red revealed not only a dose-dependent retardation in the appearance of ossification centers in transgene-positive offspring but also abnormal shapes and proportions of their vertebral columns [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Alizarine S

• Alizarin red staining, microcomputerized tomography (micro CT), and FTIR imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) confirmed a significant overall decrease of mineral density in the cartilage and bone matrix of TNAP-deficient mice [33].
• Alizarin Red staining clearly showed that the elastin fibers were heavily calcified in the control group, whereas in BB-1101 group the calcification was scarce with few fibers showing initial calcification deposits [34].
• Particles were detected by polarized light microscopy and alizarin red staining [35].
• Mineralization was detected with contact microradiography (CMR) in calvaria or with Alizarin Red S staining in bone marrow cell culture [36].
• Results of these studies showed that periosteal collar cell cultures form nodule-like structures that stain positive with alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red S [37].

References