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Chemical Compound Review

Az-R     3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo- anthracene-2...

Synonyms: Alizarine S, Alizarin S, Alizarin Red S, Fenakrom Red W, Diamond Red W, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of Alizarine S

 

High impact information on Alizarine S

  • TSP3-null mice are viable and fertile and show normal prenatal skeletal patterning, based on Alcian blue/Alizarin red S staining [6].
  • Particularly striking was the mineralization of vibrissae, as confirmed by von Kossa and alizarin red stains [7].
  • Alizarin red and Alcian blue whole mount analysis of the skeletons from wild-type, Akp2-/-, and [Akp2-/-; Enpp1-/-] mice revealed that although calvarium and vertebrae of double-knockout mice were normalized with respect to mineral deposition, the femur and tibia were not [8].
  • Overexpression of the two isoforms induced rapid and marked osteoblast differentiation, with Til-1 being more effective in vitro, by examination of the alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, and Alizarin red staining [9].
  • In studies of osteogenesis, the rate of alizarin red-positive colonies was highest in bone marrow-, synovium-, and periosteum-derived cells [10].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of Alizarine S

 

Biological context of Alizarine S

 

Anatomical context of Alizarine S

  • Alizarin red S staining as a screening test to detect calcium compounds in synovial fluid [1].
  • The present studies show for the first time that demineralized bone re-calcifies rapidly when incubated at 37 degrees C in rat serum: re-calcification can be demonstrated by Alizarin Red and von Kossa stains, by depletion of serum calcium, and by uptake of calcium and phosphate by bone matrix [19].
  • When we compared ATDC5 cells transfected with Cst10 cDNA with cells transfected with a mock vector, hypertrophic maturation and mineralization of chondrocytes were promoted by Cst10 gene overexpression in that type X collagen expression was observed earlier, and alizarin red staining was stronger [20].
  • In mouse chondrogenic cell line, ATDC5, T3 enhanced differentiation and increased Alizarin red staining, but did not affect Alcian blue staining [21].
  • Although apparently normal at birth, Alizarin red staining of null mutant mice showed a reduced calcified area at the frontal suture that caused a round-shaped calvaria with increasing animal age to 3 months [22].
 

Associations of Alizarine S with other chemical compounds

  • Complete labeling of 1 mCi Ga-68 was achieved by 100 micrograms of each compound, amounts that are without any known measurable harm to humans (LD50 alizarin red S for i.v. injected mice = 70 mg/kg (8); LD50 alizarin for i.p. injected mice > 120 mg/kg (18)) [23].
  • Rats treated with vitamin D alone and examined at d 4 had extensive Alizarin red staining for calcification in the aorta, the carotid, hepatic, mesenteric, renal and femoral arteries, kidneys and lungs, whereas rats treated with vitamin D plus ibandronate had no evidence for calcification at any of these tissues when examined at d 7 and 10 [24].
  • A method has been developed wherein diseased-host penetrating keratoplasty specimens are maintained postoperatively in McCarey-Kaufman medium and are thereafter stained as whole mounts with alizarin red S and trypan blue to evaluate the status of the endothelial monolayer [25].
  • For morphological analysis of bone mineralization, 3 rats from each group were given calcein and alizarin red injected at different time points up to 14 weeks [26].
  • Following treatment with ascorbate, beta-glycerophosphate, dexamethasone, and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D(3), adipose tissue-derived stromal cells mineralize their extracellular matrix based on detection of calcium phosphate deposits using Alizarin Red and von Kossa histochemical stains [27].
 

Gene context of Alizarine S

 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Alizarine S

References

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  20. Cystatin 10, a novel chondrocyte-specific protein, may promote the last steps of the chondrocyte differentiation pathway. Koshizuka, Y., Yamada, T., Hoshi, K., Ogasawara, T., Chung, U.I., Kawano, H., Nakamura, Y., Nakamura, K., Ikegawa, S., Kawaguchi, H. J. Biol. Chem. (2003) [Pubmed]
  21. Thyroid hormones promote chondrocyte differentiation in mouse ATDC5 cells and stimulate endochondral ossification in fetal mouse tibias through iodothyronine deiodinases in the growth plate. Miura, M., Tanaka, K., Komatsu, Y., Suda, M., Yasoda, A., Sakuma, Y., Ozasa, A., Nakao, K. J. Bone Miner. Res. (2002) [Pubmed]
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