Disease relevance of Betaine hydrochloride

• Betaine in the treatment of homocystinuria [1].
• Osm genes govern the production of a class of molecules, such as betaine and proline, that protect the cell and its constituents against dehydration [2].
• The administration of dimethylthetin and betaine along with DENA led to markedly increased liver weights in animals dying of hepatocellular carcinomas, when compared to liver weights of animals treated with DENA alone [3].
• Betaine decreases hyperhomocysteinemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and liver injury in alcohol-fed mice [4].
• The osmoreactive betaine carrier BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum is a sensor for cytoplasmic K+ [5].

Psychiatry related information on Betaine hydrochloride

• CONCLUSIONS: PK-PD modelling allows recommendations for optimal dosage of betaine in the treatment of homocystinuria, that have the potential for improved patient compliance and both therapeutic and pharmacoeconomic benefit [6].
• In the renal cortex, only betaine content increased significantly (4.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.3 mmol/kg wet wt) after water deprivation [7].

High impact information on Betaine hydrochloride

• Sorbitol, inositol, GPC, and betaine are the predominant organic osmolytes in renal medullary cells [8].
• Betaine is one of the major compatible osmolytes accumulated by kidney derived Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cultured in hypertonic medium [9].
• One is glycine betaine; the other is proline betaine as demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrum scanning, and chemical synthesis [10].
• Choline, betaine, and folic acid consistently exerted no significant effect on those mean survival times [3].
• METHODS: We used a fast imaging technique in combination with the potentiometric dye 1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-[beta[2-(di-n-octylamino)-6-naphthyl]vinyl]pyridinium betaine to monitor directly the membrane potential changes in neurons of human submucous plexus from surgical specimens of 21 patients [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Betaine hydrochloride

• Glycine betaine is a potent osmoprotectant accumulated by Sinorhizobium meliloti to cope with osmotic stress [12].
• S-Adenosylmethionine and betaine correct hepatitis C virus induced inhibition of interferon signaling in vitro [13].
• Levels of homocysteine can be reduced with pharmacologic doses of folic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, or betaine, but further research is required to determine the efficacy of this intervention in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with atherosclerotic vascular disease [14].
• The primary response of Lactobacillus plantarum to an osmotic upshock involves the accumulation of compatible solutes such as glycine betaine, proline, and glutamate [15].
• Two evolutionarily closely related ABC transporters mediate the uptake of choline for synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Bacillus subtilis [16].

Biological context of Betaine hydrochloride

• The Synechococcus cells expressing ApNhaP could grow in BG11 medium containing 0.5 M NaCl as well as in sea water, whereas those expressing betaine, catalase, and the chaperone could not grow under those conditions [17].
• Prolyl 4-hydroxylase [procollagen-proline, 2-oxyglutarate 4-dioxygenase; procollagen-L-proline, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.2], an alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer, catalyzes the formation of 4-hydroxyproline in collagens by the hydroxylation of proline residues in peptide linkages [18].
• Results: (i) An inhibitor of PKA (H89) reduces tonicity-dependent increases in transactivation, ORE/TonE reporter activity, and induction of aldose reductase and betaine transporter mRNAs [19].
• Mutants of R. sphaeroides deficient in the biosynthesis of the betaine lipid were isolated, and two genes essential for this process, btaA and btaB, were identified [20].
• We show that treating cells with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) and betaine could restore STAT1 methylation and improve IFNalpha signaling [13].

Anatomical context of Betaine hydrochloride

• Identification of betaine as an osmolyte in rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) [21].
• Conversely, hypoosmotic exposure decreased betaine uptake and stimulated betaine release from Kupffer cells and the perfused rat liver [21].
• The results obtained from wild-type F9 cells were compared with those from a mutant F9 cell line, RA-5-1, which was previously shown to synthesize collagen IV containing six- to ninefold less 4-hydroxyproline than that in wild-type F9 cells [22].
• 5. Surviving mice manifested a progressive and profound atrophy of the kidney medulla with impaired activation of several osmoprotective genes, including those encoding aldose reductase, Na+/Cl--coupled betaine/gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter, and the Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter [23].
• Osmoregulated expression of proU has been reconstituted in a cell-free system. proU encodes an osmotically inducible, high-affinity transport system for the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Escherichia coli [24].

Associations of Betaine hydrochloride with other chemical compounds

• Addition of betaine (1 mmol/L) to hyperosmotically exposed Kupffer cells abolished the strong induction of cyclooxygenase 2 and the increase of prostaglandin E2 formation [21].
• Cellular accumulation of compatible osmolytes in the renal medulla is catalyzed by the sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (SMIT), the sodium/chloride/betaine cotransporter, and aldose reductase (synthesis of sorbitol) [25].
• A substrate lead, stachydrine (alias proline betaine), was identified by liquid chromatography MS difference shading, a new substrate search strategy [26].
• Other tested compounds, L-cystine and betaine did not affect tyrosinase activity [27].
• Compatible organic osmolytes, such as betaine and taurine are involved in the regulation of Kupffer cell (KC) function, but nothing is known about osmolytes in liver endothelial cells [28].

Gene context of Betaine hydrochloride

• Nematodes homozygous for a phy-3 deletion are phenotypically of the wild type and fertile, but the 4-hydroxyproline content of phy-3(-/-) early embryos was reduced by about 90% [29].
• On the other hand, the mscL disruption mutant retained 40% of internalized glycine betaine and was significantly compromised in its survival upon osmotic downshifts [30].
• We cloned this locus into both low-copy-number lambda vectors and multicopy plasmids and demonstrated that these clones restore osmotically controlled synthesis of the periplasmic glycine betaine binding protein (GBBP) and the transport of glycine betaine in a delta (proU) strain [31].
• Isolation and sequencing of Escherichia coli gene proP reveals unusual structural features of the osmoregulatory proline/betaine transporter, ProP [32].
• This restoration of hepatocellular SAM:SAH ratio by betaine supplementation was associated with increases in the activity, enzyme mass and gene expression of the enzyme, betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), that remethylates homocysteine [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Betaine hydrochloride

• The molecular weight of the labeled chains measured approximately 95,000 daltons by molecular sieve chromatography, and contained 41% of their imino acid as 4-hydroxyproline [34].
• Behavioral testing of deletion mutants indicates that halobacterial chemotaxis towards branched-chain amino acids as well as compatible osmolytes of the betaine family requires both a binding and a transducer protein [35].
• Among various chemical chaperones tested in cell culture, betaine substantially improved the solubility of the mutant protein and the enzymatic activity in cell lysates [36].
• A PCR method for uniform amplification of a mixture of DNA templates differing in GC content is described using the two enzyme approach (Klentaq1 and Pfu DNA polymerase) and a combination of DMSO and betaine [37].
• Betaine supplementation in the drinking water significantly ameliorated in vivo hepatocyte apoptosis following bile duct ligation [38].

References