Disease relevance of Furadan

• Introduction of the plasmids confers on Pseudomonas fluorescens M480R the ability to use carbofuran as a sole source of carbon for growth and energy [1].
• Plasmid-mediated mineralization of carbofuran by Sphingomonas sp. strain CF06 [1].
• Seventy-seven percent of the poisonings were caused by carbofuran or methamidophos [2].
• Cloning of a carbofuran hydrolase gene from Achromobacter sp. strain WM111 and its expression in gram-negative bacteria [3].
• However, carbofuran use was not associated with lung cancer risk when nonexposed persons were used as the referent [4].

Psychiatry related information on Furadan

• The effects of concentration (1, 10, 100 microg/L) and duration (4, 8, 12 h) of exposure to carbofuran were assessed on the swimming activity, social interactions, and behavioral responses of goldfish to a flow (0.1 L/min) of water, with or without chironomids [5].
• Effects of a single dietary exposure to fenthion and carbofuran on the survival, feeding behavior and brain ChE activity of eastern screech-owls, Otus asio and American kestrels, Falco sparverius, were evaluated [6].

High impact information on Furadan

• A detection limit for carbofuran of approximately 2.5 ng/g of potato was obtained using an atmospheric pressure ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer [7].
• Occupational exposure to carbofuran and the incidence of cancer in the Agricultural Health Study [4].
• Lung cancer risk was 3-fold higher for those with > 109 days of lifetime exposure to carbofuran (RR = 3.05; 95% CI, 0.94-9.87) compared with those with < 9 lifetime exposure days, with a significant dose-response trend for both days of use per year and total years of use [4].
• Rearrangements, deletions, and loss of individual plasmids that resulted in the loss of the carbofuran-degrading phenotype were observed following introduction of Tn5 [1].
• A 14-kilobase-pair (kbp) EcoRI DNA fragment that encodes an enzyme capable of rapid hydrolysis of N-methylcarbamate insecticides (carbofuran hydrolase) was cloned from carbofuran-degrading Achromobacter sp. strain WM111 [3].

Chemical compound and disease context of Furadan

• The toxicity of three insecticides (carbofuran, dichlorvos, malathion), an herbicide (atrazine), and two metals (arsenic and cadmium) to ovigerous females, copepodids, and nauplii of Tigriopus brevicornis was determined by 96-h semistatic (or static-renewal) bioassays [8].
• The effects of safe concentrations of carbofuran 3% G (5 ppm) and fenitrothion 30% E.C. (1.5 ppm) on ovarian recrudescence of Channa punctatus during the maturing, prespawning, and spawning phases (mid-April through mid-August) of the annual reproduction cycle were studied [9].
• On the other hand, the numbers of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Fusarium, Humicola and Rhizopus under phorate and Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Klebsiella, Fusarium, Humicola and Rhizopus under carbofuran were inhibited [10].
• Validation of earthworm toxicity tests by comparison with field studies: a review of benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, and carbaryl [11].
• NAC administration (200 mg/kg body weight) on the other hand lowered the carbofuran-induced lipid peroxidation to near normal [12].

Biological context of Furadan

• Loss of the plasmids induced by growth at 42 degrees C resulted in the inability of the cured strain to grow on carbofuran as a sole source of carbon [1].
• The results clearly demonstrate that carbofuran exerts its neurotoxic effects by accentuating oxidative stress and suggest neuroprotective role of NAC in carbofuran neurotoxicity [13].
• Induction of chromosome aberrations, micronucleus formation and sperm abnormalities in mouse following carbofuran exposure [14].
• Exhalation of 14C residues during this time was 24 to 30% of that inhaled with all insecticides except carbofuran, of which 42% of the residues was exhaled [15].
• Carbofuran was tested to study in vivo cytogenetic effects in mouse bone marrow cells and morphological alterations in sperms [14].

Anatomical context of Furadan

• Carbofuran-induced histophysiological changes in thyroid of the teleost fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch) [16].
• EROD activity in cultured hepatocytes was induced by carbofuran (CF), a widely used agricultural pesticide, and by beta-napthoflavone (BNF), a known inducer of CYP1A [17].
• Impact of carbofuran in the oocyte maturation of catfish, Heteropenustes fossilis (Bloch) [18].
• Histopathological examination revealed loss of spermato-genesis, degenerative changes in Sertoli cells which are well supported with biochemical studies indicating that carbofuran interferes with the maturation process of testis [19].
• In HC mice treated with 1 mg/(kg day) carbofuran resulted in 12.63% increase in the ovary weight and showed significant decrease in follicles, corpora lutea and many increased atretic follicles [20].

Associations of Furadan with other chemical compounds

• When an inhibition study with the developed sensor was undertaken at the optimized AChE immobilization with varying concentrations of a model organophosphorus pesticide EPN and carbamate one carbofuran, a sensitive detection for them was possible with the limit of detection corresponding to 1.55x10(-8) and 1.30x10(-9)M, respectively [21].
• After 5 hr, total exhalation of the consumed radiocarbon was 35% for parathion, 65% for carbofuran, and approximately 50% for the other products [15].
• The gas chromatography of the heptafluorobutyryl derivatives of carbofuran, 3-ketocarbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran is examined with electrolytic conductivity detection (halogen mode) [22].
• Alteration of induced cellular and humoral immune responses by pesticides and chemicals of environmental concern: quantitative studies of immunosuppression by DDT, aroclor 1254, carbaryl, carbofuran, and methylparathion [23].
• Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation of human phenolic metabolites of propoxur (Baygon), carbofuran and carbaryl [24].

Gene context of Furadan

• Normalization of HLM data with the average levels of each CYP in native HLM, indicates that carbofuran metabolism is primarily mediated by CYP3A4 (percent total normalized rate (% TNR)=77.5), although CYP1A2 and 2C19 play ancillary roles (% TNR=9.0 and 6.0, respectively) [25].
• Con A-induced production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was significantly suppressed by carbofuran, while that of IL-4 was not affected [26].
• The present study was designed to investigate the comparative in vitro metabolism of carbofuran from human, rat, and mouse liver microsomes (HLM, RLM, MLM, respectively), and characterize the specific enzymes involved in such metabolism, with particular reference to human metabolism [25].
• Carbofuran decreased Concanavalin A (Con A)- and alloantigen-induced proliferation, and interleukin (IL)-2 production of splenocytes [26].
• In contrast with the human isoforms, members of the CYP2C family in rats are likely to have a primary role in carbofuran metabolism [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Furadan

• Determination of carbofuran by on-line immunoaffinity chromatography with coupled-column liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry [7].
• Western blotting (immunoblotting) of the protein products produced by low-level expression in P. putida confirmed that this 3-kbp fragment encodes the two 70+-kilodalton protein products seen in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified carbofuran hydrolase [3].
• High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for the determination of carbofuran and its metabolites are described [27].
• Chemiluminescence determination of carbofuran and promecarb by flow injection analysis using two photochemical reactions [28].
• At the end of each bioassay (24 h for carbofuran, 96 for the other substances/mixture), effects on biomarkers were analyzed [29].

References