Disease relevance of benzyl-dimethyl-tridecyl-azanium

• RESULTS: Cellular viability decreased as BAC concentration increased, but it was accompanied by concentration-dependent toxicity [1].
• An increase of at least 2-fold in distal colon wall thickness confirmed the induction of megacolon in BAC-treated rats [2].
• Higher concentrations of the cationic agents BAC and benzethonium chloride caused a generalized tissue damage including disruption of the smooth muscle, lymphocytic infiltration, intestinal perforation and death [3].
• None of the Enterococcus spp. from broiler, cattle, and pigs, the antibiotic-resistant E. coli from pig intestine and fish pathogens Vibrio spp. and Aeromonas spp. from the Norwegian fish farming industry were resistant to BC [4].
• In conclusion, BC resistance among food-associated Gram-negative bacteria and Enterococcus spp. is not frequent, but resistance may develop to user concentrations after exposure to sublethal concentrations of BC [4].

High impact information on benzyl-dimethyl-tridecyl-azanium

• BACKGROUND: It has been shown previously that myenteric plexus destruction by benzalkonium chloride (BAC) increased villus height, crypt depth, and muscle thickness, suggesting that these neurons influence intestinal morphology [5].
• METHODS: Six groups of rats were studied: control, chemical denervation (3 mmol/L BAC), surgical denervation, intraluminal stasis produced by partial obstruction, chemical inflammation (5% acetic acid), and surgical inflammation (serosa removal only) [5].
• Our goals were to (1) show that the morphological sequelae of BAC treatment are caused by myenteric plexus removal and not the factors listed above, and (2) determine whether segmental myenteric plexus removal alters morphology elsewhere in the small intestine [5].
• Bronchoconstriction from inhaled BAC is cumulative, prolonged, and correlates directly with basal airway responsiveness [6].
• METHODS: Corneal and conjunctival cell lines were incubated with preserved (benzalkonium chloride [BAC]) or unpreserved ofloxacin solutions for 15 minutes [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of benzyl-dimethyl-tridecyl-azanium

• CONCLUSIONS: Latanoprost and travoprost were responsible for significant protective effects against BAC toxicity on conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells in vitro, probably related to their antioxidative properties [1].
• Through a microplate cytometry technique, the investigation was furthered by study of whether the three commercially available antiglaucoma prostaglandin analogs could protect the same cell line in vitro against BAC toxicity and whether an antioxidative mechanism could be involved in such prostaglandin effects [1].
• Edetate disodium (EDTA) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) are often present as preservative or stabilizing agents in nebulizer solutions used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [8].
• Both PVP-I and BAC had complete efficacy in 0.5 min against all isolates tested [100 isolates of S. marcescens, 103 of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 99 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 19 of Alcaligenes faecalis and 30 of A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxydans (A. xylosoxydans)] [9].

Biological context of benzyl-dimethyl-tridecyl-azanium

• Moreover, the higher frequency of antibiotic resistance among BC-resistant strains indicates that the presence of either resistance determinant selects for the other during antimicrobial therapy and disinfection in hospitals [10].
• Reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion productions observed for all solutions were significantly higher for the preserved ofloxacin and BAC solutions, which also induced apoptosis (chromatin condensation and translocation of phosphatidylserine) through P2X7 pore opening, whereas unpreserved ofloxacin did not [7].
• BAC treatment resulted in an erratic, markedly distorted basic electric rhythm and an alteration in spike potential generation [3].
• In the BKC low irritant-threshold group, we found a significant increase in the A allele (P=0.002) and AA genotype (P=0.016) [11].
• The addition of F-5A gel containing 0.5% of each one of the spermicide ingredients (CA, NX9 and BZC) produced the total suppression of sperm motility within 30 s at a dilution of 1/50 [12].

Anatomical context of benzyl-dimethyl-tridecyl-azanium

• Reduced reactive oxygen species production could be the main mechanism by which prostaglandin analogs protect epithelial cells from the proapoptotic effects of BAC [1].
• Dose-response curves obtained in control and BAC-treated jejunum were nearly superimposable regardless of the beta agonist used [13].
• Because nerve-mediated longitudinal muscle responses are lost despite the presence of an intact submucosal plexus in the BAC-treated jejunum, our data suggest that the motor neurons innervating the rat jejunal longitudinal muscle are located in the myenteric plexus [14].
• In the current study, we measured the area of VIP neurons of submucous plexus in the ileum of weanling rats, in which myenteric neurons were ablated by serosal application of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) [15].
• A nasal decongestant spray composed of a combination of vasoactive substances and BKC has a long-term adverse effect on the nasal mucosa [16].

Associations of benzyl-dimethyl-tridecyl-azanium with other chemical compounds

• Of these chemicals, only NiCl2 and DNCB significantly increased the surface expression of CD54, CD86, HLA-DR antigen, and interleukin (IL)-1 beta production, while SDS, BC, or ZnCl2 could not augment them, except for weak augmentation of CD86 expression by SDS [17].
• PURPOSE: In a previous study, it was demonstrated that in vitro in a human conjunctiva-derived cell line, latanoprost in its commercial presentation appeared to be less toxic than the benzalkonium chloride (BAC) it contains as a preservative [1].
• Neuronal counts from BAC and control rats not treated with DMH showed an average denervation of 63% [2].
• The beta adrenergic receptor agonists isoproterenol and sulfonterol produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of both control and BAC-treated jejunum [13].
• The alpha-1 selective agonists phenylephrine and methoxamine were more potent and efficacious in producing relaxation of control than BAC-treated jejunum [13].

Gene context of benzyl-dimethyl-tridecyl-azanium

• In the three other BC and penicillin-resistant strains, the qacA/B and blaZ genes were located on separate plasmids [18].
• The irritants BA and BZC did not induce up-regulation of CD86 expression when tested at concentrations that induced similar levels of cytotoxicity [19].
• BZC was less effective at provoking increases in this cytokine; concentrations (1%) that caused marked edema failed to stimulate significant changes in IL-6 expression [20].
• The failure of BZC to initiate TNF-alpha production in the skin was not attributable to inhibition of the bioassay used to measure this cytokine and was apparently independent of the stimulation by this chemical of TNF-alpha inhibitory factors [20].
• The region partially affected by BAC contained some c-kit-positive cells, and either normal or vacuolated ICC-MP were observed by electron microscopy [21].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of benzyl-dimethyl-tridecyl-azanium

• Fifteen days after treatment, both BAC-treated and untreated control jejunal segments were removed from each animal for pharmacological studies [14].
• Short-pulse duration transmural electrical stimulation (0.1 msec) caused a frequency-dependent, tetrodotoxin-sensitive contraction in control but not BAC-treated tissues [14].
• To address these questions, we ablated the myenteric plexus in the mouse colon with BAC and followed changes in the adjacent ICC (ICC-MP) from day 2 to day 70 after treatment, by using c-kit-immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy [21].
• For example, a standard 2.5-mg dose of albuterol nebulizer solution contains 50 microg of BAC when administered from the multidose dropper bottle and 300 microg from the unit-dose screw-cap product [8].
• In an attempt to overcome this problem the application of a 'Teflon' (polytetrafluoroethylene) stent and an antimicrobial benzalkonium chloride (BZC) impregnated polymer were investigated [22].

References