Disease relevance of triphenyltin

• Recent work in our laboratory has shown that oral administration of triphenyltin fluoride (TPTF) evokes hypertriglyceridemia in rabbits [1].
• Extensive data is available on mammalian developmental and reproductive toxicity of one aryltin compound, triphenyltin (TPT), from toxicity studies conducted in connection with the registration of triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) as a pesticide and supporting publications from the open literature [2].
• A triphenyltin (TPT)-decomposing strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CGMCC 1.860, was screened out [3].
• A 23 year old male developed abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and vomiting several hours after poisoning with acute triphenyltin intoxication in a suicide attempt [4].
• The inhibition of membrane ATPase from the marine alkalotolerant bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus by DCCD, triphenyltin and venturicidin was studied [5].

High impact information on triphenyltin

• The potency of inhibition of IMAC increases with hydrophobicity in the sequence trimethyltin much less than triethyltin much less than tripropyltin less than triphenyltin less than tributyltin; which suggests that the binding site is accessible from the lipid bilayer [6].
• NF-kappaB activation by triphenyltin triggers apoptosis in HL-60 cells [7].
• New data identify tributyltin chloride and triphenyltin chloride as nanomolar agonist ligands for retinoid X receptor (RXR alpha, RXR beta, and RXR gamma) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, nuclear receptors that play pivotal roles in lipid homeostasis and adipogenesis [8].
• Oral administration of a single dose of triphenyltin compounds induces diabetes with decreased insulin secretion in rabbits and hamsters after 2-3 days without any morphological changes in pancreatic islets [9].
• 1. The proteolipid fraction isolated from rat liver mitochondria pretreated with [3H]triphenyltin chloride is enriched in triphenyltin compared with the original mitochondria [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of triphenyltin

• Pyochelin (PCH), a kind of siderophore secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was recently found to have triphenyltin (TPT)-decomposing capacity [11].
• Toxicity of triorganotin compounds: comparative in vivo studies with a series of trialkyltin compounds and triphenyltin chloride in male rats [12].
• Enhancement of androgen-dependent transcription and cell proliferation by tributyltin and triphenyltin in human prostate cancer cells [13].
• Removing Ca2+ from external solution and prolonged treatment with either caffeine (20 mM) or ryanodine (2 microM) inhibited the triphenyltin-induced contracture [14].
• The metabolic fate of tributyltin and triphenyltin may contribute to the toxicity of these chemicals [15].

Biological context of triphenyltin

• Stable beta-phosphatoxy nitroalkanes, readily assembled by the Henry reaction and subsequent phosphorylation, serve as good precursors to alkene radical cations on treatment with triphenyltin or tributyl hydride and AIBN in benzene at reflux [16].
• Inhibition of exocytosis by triphenyltin can be counteracted by a number of sulfhydryl compounds [17].
• Tissue distributions of organotin compounds [tributyltin (TBT), triphenyltin (TPhT), and their metabolites] were different for butyltins and phenyltins; a remarkably high accumulation of TBT was observed in the ctenidium, osphradium, and heart, whereas high concentrations of TPhT were detected in the ovary and digestive gland [18].
• Reduction of allyl 2-iodobenzyl malonates with triphenyltin hydrides generates aryl radicals that partition between 6-exo cyclization, 7-endo cyclization, and 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer [19].
• Triphenyltin (0.1 mM) reduced the muscle membrane potential, the amplitude of the muscle action potential and the muscle membrane input resistance [14].

Anatomical context of triphenyltin

• Triphenyltin as inductor of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition [20].
• The most likely site for triphenyltin inhibition in chromatophore membrane-bound pyrophosphatase is a component either within or closely associated with the membrane [21].
• Studies on the mechanism of action of triphenyltin on proton conduction by the H+-ATPase of mitochondria [22].
• Triphenyltin impairs a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent increase of cytosolic Na(+) and Ca(2+) and PKA-independent increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) associated with insulin secretion in hamster pancreatic beta-cells [23].
• In the present study, we tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of TBT or triphenyltin (TPT) on the aromatase activity in a cultured human granulosa-like tumor cell line, KGN, which was recently established by our group [24].

Associations of triphenyltin with other chemical compounds

• Genotoxic effects of triphenyltin acetate and triphenyltin hydroxide on mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo [25].
• Light-induced membrane-potential increase, ATP synthesis, and proton uptake in Halobacterium halobium, R1mR catalyzed by halorhodopsin: Effects of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, triphenyltin chloride, and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidenemalononitrile (SF6847) [26].
• Effects of triphenyltin on cytosolic Na(+) and Ca(2+) response to glucose and acetylcholine in pancreatic beta-cells from hamster [27].
• We demonstrate these adaptations by describing life-cycle tests with the springtail Folsomia candida, exposed to cadmium and triphenyltin in their food [28].
• Comparison of the characteristics of the effect of triphenyltin on proton translocation in chloride and nitrate media shows that the inhibition of passive proton conductivity studied here is unrelated to the hydroxide/anion exchange induced by the organotin [22].

Gene context of triphenyltin

• Since the CYP2C18 content of hepatic microsomes in humans is relatively low, CYP2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 might be the main isoforms of CYP that are responsible for tributyltin and triphenyltin metabolism in the human liver [15].
• Furthermore, the metabolism of tributyltin and triphenyltin was significantly inhibited in vitro by pretreatment with selective inhibitors, azamulin for CYP3A4 and N-3-benzylnirvanol for CYP2C19 [15].
• Oral administration of triphenyltin chloride (TPT) (60 mg/kg body weight) inhibits the insulin secretion by decreasing the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) induced by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in pancreatic beta-cells of the hamster [23].
• Recently, it has been demonstrated that TBT and TPT directly bind to the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma with high affinity and function as transcriptional activators [29].
• Therefore, we investigated the in vitro effects of triphenyltin (TPT) on human 5alpha-reductase type 2 (5alpha-Re 2), cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17beta-HSD 3), 3beta-HSD type 2 and 17beta-HSD type 1 activity [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of triphenyltin

• Liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray-mass spectrometry (LC-ES-MS) with positive ion detection was evaluated for the determination of tributyltin and triphenyltin in water samples using tripropyltin as internal standard [31].
• Influence of sediment quality on the responses of benthic invertebrates after treatment with the fungicide triphenyltin acetate [32].
• Triphenyltin and its metabolites in liver, kidneys, pancreas and brain were determined by gas chromatography periodically for 96 h after triphenyltin administration in both groups of hamsters [33].
• It is possible that the hamster is a qualitatively and quantitatively suitable animal model for exploring the influence of tributyltin and triphenyltin in humans [34].
• Daphnia pulex, Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed for 48 h to triphenyltin hydroxide in static acute toxicity tests [35].

References