Disease relevance of deoxycytidine

• Unlike that compound 5-Med-Cyd resembled more bromodeoxycytidine and iododeoxycytidine; THU decreases the toxicity of both of these deoxycytidine analogues [1].
• Induction of deoxycytidine deaminase activity in mammalian cell lines by infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 [2].
• The double-stranded (ds) DNA was tailed with deoxycytidine residues, annealed with Pst I-cut/dG-tailed pBR322, and used to transform E. coli [3].
• In contrast, with DNA polymerases from E. coli (DNA polymerase I) and bacteriophage T4 (enzymes containing a proofreading activity), fidelity was markedly reduced with deoxycytidine [1-thio]triphosphate [4].
• Three of the four deoxynucleoside kinases required for growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus R-26 exist as heterodimeric pairs specific for deoxyadenosine (dAK) and deoxycytidine (dCK) or dAK and deoxyguanosine (dGK) [5].

Psychiatry related information on deoxycytidine

• After 48 and 96 h of food deprivation, the concentrations of uridine, cytidine, inosine, thymidine, deoxycytidine, deoxyuridine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid in CSF and plasma were not different than in controls, except at 96 h, when the plasma uridine concentration was 35% lower (p less than 0.05) [6].

High impact information on deoxycytidine

• Tissue-specific patterns of methylated deoxycytidine residues in the mammalian genome are preserved by postreplicative methylation of newly synthesized DNA [7].
• Methylation of deoxycytidine incorporated by excision-repair synthesis of DNA [8].
• Methylation of deoxycytidine incorporated by DNA excision-repair was studied in human diploid fibroblasts following damage with ultraviolet radiation, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, or N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene [8].
• We have shown, for example, that BUdR mutagenesis in mammalian cells is determined by the concentration of BUdR in the medium rather than in DNA, and that mutagenesis can be suppressed by deoxycytidine (dC) without changing the amount of BUdR in DNA [9].
• Hydralazine, the prototypic drug that induces systemic lupus erythematosus, reacts with thymidine and deoxycytidine [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of deoxycytidine

• Herpes simplex virus type 1 induces deoxycytidine deaminase (cytidine/deoxycytidine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.5) activity when it lytically infects a number of mammalian cell lines [2].
• Activity of thymidine kinase and of polymerase alpha as well as activity and gene expression of deoxycytidine deaminase in leukemic blasts are correlated with clinical response in the setting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-based priming before and during TAD-9 induction therapy in acute myeloid leukemia [11].
• Transport and metabolism of deoxycytidine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine into cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma cells, relationship to phosphorylation, and regulation of triphosphate synthesis [12].
• Human APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G are specifically incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) progeny virions in the absence of virion infectivity factor (Vif), where they deaminate deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine on the minus strand of nascent reverse transcripts [13].
• Deoxyadenosine/deoxycytidine kinase from Bacillus subtilis. Purification, characterization, and physiological function [14].

Biological context of deoxycytidine

• Both the DNA damage and the toxicity of CldAdo or dAdo toward monocytes were blocked by deoxycytidine, but not by inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase [15].
• In lesions manifesting or lacking instability, the TGF-beta 1RII coding region polydeoxyadenine (poly A) microsatellite tract was polymerase chain reaction amplified with 32P-labeled deoxycytidine triphosphate [16].
• Cells of the human keratinocyte line HaCaT were shifted to a mesenchymal/myogenic phenotype (DTHMZ cells) by MyoD1 transfection, 5-aza-2' deoxycytidine treatment, and selection for reduced adhesion on plastic [17].
• Although the preponderance of evidence suggests that AID functions by deaminating deoxycytidine in DNA, the question remains whether it can also deaminate cytidine in mRNA, as originally proposed based on its homology to RNA-editing enzymes [18].
• Deoxycytidine (dCyd) kinase is required for the phosphorylation of several deoxyribonucleosides and certain nucleoside analogs widely employed as antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents [19].

Anatomical context of deoxycytidine

• Human T-cells (CCRF-HSB2) did not incorporate tritiated thymidine ([3H]TDR)--1.0-5.0 muCi/ml--into the nuclei, where.as they readily incorporated tritiated deoxycytidine (E13H]CDR) [20].
• BACKGROUND: Gemcitabine, a pyrimidine analogue of deoxycytidine, is an anticancer nucleoside drug that requires functional plasma membrane nucleoside transporter proteins to reach its intracellular targets and cause cytotoxicity [21].
• Furthermore, a new deoxycytidine deaminase species with a characteristic electrophoretic mobility that is different from that of the host cell enzyme is found in cell extracts prepared from a human cell line infected with herpesvirus [2].
• The reduced expression of deoxycytidine and deoxyadenosine kinases in B lymphoblasts may account for the lower accumulation of deoxypurine nucleotides in B cells as compared with T cells [22].
• We examined, in vitro, the effect of high, but clinically achievable and nontoxic, concentrations of 2'-deoxycytidine (dCyd) (greater than or equal to 100 mumol/L) on high-dose AZT mediated growth inhibition and intracellular biochemical perturbations in normal bone marrow progenitor cells [23].

Associations of deoxycytidine with other chemical compounds

• Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells is stimulated by thymidine and suppressed by deoxycytidine [24].
• Rev1 is a translesion synthesis polymerase that in vitro incorporates uniquely deoxycytidine opposite deoxyuridine and abasic residues [25].
• Mammals have four deoxyribonucleoside kinases, the cytoplasmic (TK1) and mitochondrial (TK2) thymidine kinases, and the deoxycytidine (dCK) and deoxyguanosine (dGK) kinases, which salvage the precursors for nucleic acids synthesis [26].
• Therefore, the maximum synergistic cell kill when MTX precedes Ara-C may be the consequence of greater inhibition of DNA polymerase by th;e increased Ara-C triphosphate in the presence of the decreasing natural substrate of this enzyme, deoxycytidine triphosphate [27].
• Phenoxazine, a tricyclic 2' deoxycytidine analog, was designed to improve stacking interactions between heterocycles of oligonucleotide/RNA hybrids and to enhance cellular uptake [28].

Gene context of deoxycytidine

• The specific activity of the Rnr2p complexed with Rnr4p is 2,250 nmol deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate formed per min per mg, whereas the homodimer of Rnr2p shows no activity [29].
• Furthermore, UMP/CMPK was able to phosphorylate all of the deoxycytidine analogue monophosphates that we tested [30].
• Two cell lines were methylated for p14(ARF) (GIMEN and PER-108), one of which had low levels of p14(ARF) mRNA expression which increased following demethylation with 5-aza-2/deoxycytidine treatment (GIMEN), and four cell lines were confirmed to be MDM2-amplified [31].
• Treatment of BNIP3-negative pancreatic cancer cell lines with a DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2' deoxycytidine, restored hypoxia-induced BNIP3 expression [32].
• Deoxycytidine deaminases APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F) (members of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 family) have RNA-binding motifs, invade assembling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), and hypermutate reverse transcripts [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of deoxycytidine

• As detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography, the methylation of cpDNA was at its lowest level in the vegetative stage; the mt+ cells had a deoxycytidine methylation index (the percentage of deoxycytidine methylated) of 0.5, while the mating type-minus (mt-) index was lower by at least a factor of 3 [34].
• Identification by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy of an imino tautomer of 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine, a powerful base analog transition mutagen with a much higher unfavored tautomer frequency than that of the natural residue 2'-deoxycytidine [35].
• Concurrent addition of deoxycytidine to the cell culture system provides about a 1000-fold decrease in biological activity [36].
• To generate a global profile of genes silenced by hypermethylation in renal cell cancer (RCC), we did an expression microarray-based analysis of genes reactivated in the 786-0, ACHN, HRC51, and HRC59 RCC lines after treatment with the demethylating drug 5-aza-2 deoxycytidine and histone deacetylation inhibiting drug trichostatin A [37].
• High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques in a liver metastatic mouse model were used to assess CS-682, a novel 2'-deoxycytidine analogue of 1-[2-C-cyano-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabino-pentofuranosyl]-N(4)-palmitoyl cytosine [38].

References