Disease relevance of Argiprestocin

• The effects of AVT were confirmed in males in the wild where AVT (1 microg/g body weight) reduced the aggressive initiation of social interactions and decreased aggressive responses to the behavior of other males [1].
• During dehydration increased circulating levels of AVT, mesotocin and prolactin were found [2].
• On repeated injections of AVT, the VDP response declined and bradycardia intensified [3].
• Arginine vasotocin (AVT) caused an immediate vasodepressor (VDP) effect and tachycardia [3].
• AVT immunoreactive (ir) somata were localized to three regions: the terminal nerve ganglion, the preoptic area (POA), and the pineal stalk [4].

Psychiatry related information on Argiprestocin

• Based on this foundation, we then advance three major questions which are fundamental to a broad conceptualization of AVT/AVP social behavior functions: (1) Are there sufficient data to suggest that certain peptide functions or anatomical characteristics (neuron, fiber, and receptor distributions) are conserved across the vertebrate classes [5]?
• In summary, AVT influenced locomotor activity in bullfrog tadpoles and female frogs [6].
• After an initial rise in serum AVT, mesotocin and prolactin levels during mild and moderate dehydration, concentrations of both AVT and prolactin tended to normalize during continued water deprivation, while those of mesotocin remained high throughout the whole dehydration experiment with the highest at the end of the water-deprivation period [2].
• We found that AVT reduced the initiation of aggressive social interactions with other pupfish but had no effect on courtship [1].
• AVT increased courtship independent of status, while its effects on territoriality and aggression were dependent upon male status [7].

High impact information on Argiprestocin

• (3) How does AVT/AVP influence behavior - by modulation of sensorimotor processes, motivational processes, or both [5]?
• Although AVT/AVP behavioral functions and related anatomical features are increasingly well-known for individual species, ubiquitous species-specificity presents ever increasing challenges for identifying consistent structure-function patterns that are broadly meaningful [5].
• 3. This study provides evidence for hormonal control of the Cl- secretion in sea bass gill respiratory cells in culture, involving AVT, prostaglandin (PGE2), and beta- and alpha-adrenergic receptors [8].
• (c) Although the RPN lesions produced a slight but statistically significant REM sleep decrease, this did not prevent AVT from inducing its hypnogenic effects [9].
• To determine the relationship between the raphe nuclei and the sleep-inducing pineal peptide arginine vasotocin (AVT), we investigated the hypnogenic effects of intraventricularly administered AVT in adult cats with electrolytic lesions performed either in the raphe dorsalis nucleus (RDN) or the raphe pontis nucleus (RPN) [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Argiprestocin

• Towards this end, we provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on social behavior functions of AVT/AVP and related anatomical characteristics, inclusive of seasonal plasticity, sexual dimorphism, and steroid sensitivity [5].
• Low doses of arginine-vasotocin (AVT), isotocin and oxytocin (1 pg-1 ng/kg body weight) were antidiuretic in eels adapted to fresh water but not in those adapted to sea-water [10].
• Terminal phase (TP) males received 2 weeks of nightly intraperitoneal fluoxetine injections (6 microg/g body weight) and were then tested for their aggressive response to an intruder and killed to examine AVT phenotype in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA), an area important to social behavior in fishes [11].
• We administered exogenous AVT (0.1, 1, and 10 microg/g body weight) and an AVP V1 receptor antagonist (Manning compound, 2.5 microg/g body weight) intraperitoneally to males in mixed-sex groups in the laboratory [1].
• In vivo: A single injection of 3 nmol AVT per 100 g body weight was given, and the concentrations of corticosterone and aldosterone in the serum were measured after 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr [12].

Biological context of Argiprestocin

• In the present study, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical methods were used to compare the ontogeny of sexually dimorphic AVT gene expression in the BnST of male and female chickens from day 12 of embryonic development (E12) until the onset of sexual maturation [13].
• Since the areas that showed sex differences in AVT distribution have also been implicated in control of reproductive behaviors, they may form the neural substrates for the effects of AVT on sexually dimorphic behaviors in amphibians [14].
• These data parallel previous descriptions of AVT immunoreactivity in these species, although the present methods showed a previously undescribed, seasonally variable AVP-lir cell group in the anterior tuberal hypothalamus, a vocally active site and a component of the ascending auditory pathway [15].
• Finally, 1 min after oviposition, control values of 19.5 +/- 3.4 pmol AVT/1 (n = 9) were raised more than sevenfold to 142.9 +/- 12.5 pmol/l (n = 11) [2].
• Manipulations of the AVT system shifted males within a single phenotype from the nonterritorial social status to the territorial social status and vice versa [7].

Anatomical context of Argiprestocin

• The total amount of AVT released into the medium during 43 days of incubation is about 40 times greater than the amount contained in non-incubated pineal glands of the same age, strongly suggesting de novo synthesis of AVT [16].
• A single injection of 1 pg synthetic arginine vasotocin (AVT) into the third ventricle of the mouse completely prevented the pituitary MSH increase which occurs seven days after pinealectomy or 24 h after exposure to constant light [17].
• AVT also had no effect on fetal testis cells [18].
• Comparison of the effects of two 'sleep' peptides, delta sleep-inducing peptide and arginine-vasotocin, on single neurons in the rat and rabbit brain stem [19].
• AVT immunoreactivity is also located in several other vocally active regions, including the ventral tuberal nucleus, periaqueductal gray, and paraventricular regions of the isthmus and rostral hindbrain [20].

Associations of Argiprestocin with other chemical compounds

• The chicken pineal also contained AVT (about 300 pg/gland) and lacked AVP and OT [21].
• Double-label fluorescent histochemistry was used for IT and AVT (by using antibodies for MT, OT, and the mammalian AVT homologue, arginine vasopressin [AVP]) [15].
• Fetal AVT infusion significantly obtunded the fetal osmolality increment induced by maternal mannitol alone [P less than 0.001, analysis of variance (ANOVA)] [22].
• This supports the suggestion that whereas vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells, AVT, on the contrary, appears to be synthesized by ependymal neurohypophysial cells in the developing human neurohypophysis [23].
• Estradiol partially restored AVT levels in the amygdala of males [24].

Gene context of Argiprestocin

• The AVP RIA can detect as little as 2 pg hormone and shows essentially no cross-reactivity with AVT or OT [21].
• In the gymnophionan, cells containing AVT and NPY are distinct from AMi cells [25].
• Maximum grooming scores resulted from a 0.1 microgram dose of AVT or a 0.5 microgram AVP dose [26].
• In this paper, we also investigated the colocalization of nNOS with arginine-vasotocin (AVT) by means of immunolabeling of consecutive sections [27].
• While AVP and OT had no effect, AVT induced: 1) an increase in the amount of active sleep (AS); 2) a decrease in the brain weight and the total brain lipids, and 3) a delay in the eyelids opening [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Argiprestocin

• By using high-performance liquid chromatography, radioimmunoassay, and mass spectrometry, we identified the peptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) in brain and pituitary extracts from the caecilian Typhlonectes natans [29].
• In contrast, no evident sex difference in distribution pattern and number of AVT mRNA containing neurons in this BnST portion was observable by in situ hybridization at E15 [13].
• To better understand which neural systems are involved in central actions of AVT, we used immunocytochemistry to compare the distribution of AVT in the brains of male and female bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) [14].
• The presence of arginine-vasopressin (VP), arginine-vasotocin (VT) and oxytocin (OT) were studied in sheep and rat pineal gland by the combination of HPLC and radioimmunoassays [30].
• Intra-arterial injection of arginine-vasotocin (12.5 pmol) caused a bradycardia associated with a marked increase in arterial blood pressure [31].

References