Disease relevance of Imagent GI

• METHODS: The PFOB emulsion (100% wt/vol) was injected into the tail vein in tumor-bearing C3H/He or nu/nu mice immobilized in a magnet interfaced to a spectrometer, either as a single bolus injection of 8 mL/kg body weight or in multiple injections to a total dose of 24 mL/kg [1].
• Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with perflubron (PFB) has been proposed as an adjunct to the current therapies for the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [2].
• We conclude that HFOV and PLV with perflubron cause similar improvements in gas exchange and lung inflammation in the premature lamb with severe RDS, and both strategies augment the oxygenation response to iNO [3].
• Two animals received bronchoscopic administration of recombinant adenovirus vector (type 5 E1-deleted AdCMVlacZ, 4.6 x 10(10) plaque forming units/animal), two animals received vector followed by instillation of perflubron, and two animals received perflubron alone [4].
• We evaluated the effects of partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with two different dosages of the perfluorocarbon LiquiVent (perflubron) on pulmonary vascular permeability and edema formation after oleic acid (OA)-induced acute lung injury in dogs [5].

High impact information on Imagent GI

• Partial liquid ventilation was initiated by instilling perflubron during conventional mechanical ventilation to a volume approximating the functional residual capacity [6].
• PURPOSE: This study tests applicability of a new approach using an emulsion of the inert fluorocarbon perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB) at nontoxic doses as a tracer in fluorine-19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to evaluate dynamic changes in vascular perfusion volume in transplanted tumors [1].
• Perflubron reduces lung inflammation in respiratory syncytial virus infection by inhibiting chemokine expression and nuclear factor-kappa B activation [7].
• We evaluated the safety and efficacy of partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with perflubron in adult patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a multicenter, prospective, controlled, randomized exploratory clinical trial [8].
• Further studies in larger numbers of animals will help assess the potential efficacy of perflubron for enhancing gene expression and elucidate effects on local and systemic inflammatory responses [4].

Chemical compound and disease context of Imagent GI

• Tissue oxygen tensions were measured in subcutaneously growing rat 9L gliosarcoma under normal air and carbogen breathing conditions prior to and after i.v. administration of a perflubron emulsion [9].
• As a result, Oxygent reduced intestinal mucosal hypoxia and global O2 debt within the first hour post-therapy (P < 0.05) [10].
• The perflubron emulsion and carbogen act mainly on hypoxia caused by limited diffusion of oxygen; nicotinamide acts mainly on acute hypoxia [11].
• Effects of perfluorooctylbromide and vitamin E on ischemia induced retinal oxidative tissue damage [12].
• Selective aortic arch perfusion during cardiac arrest: enhanced resuscitation using oxygenated perflubron emulsion, with and without aortic arch epinephrine [13].

Biological context of Imagent GI

• PLV changed pericardial pressure or cardiac output minimally (at PEEP(0), GV: Pperi = -1.7 +/- 0.6 mm Hg, CO = 3. 2 +/- 0.1 L/m; 10 ml/kg perflubron: Pperi = -1.3 +/- 0.6 mm Hg, CO = 3.4 +/- 0.2 L/m; 30 ml/kg perflubron: Pperi = -1.6 +/- 0.7 mm Hg, CO = 3.4 +/- 0.2 L/m; all mean +/- SEM) [14].
• These studies demonstrate that use of perflubron enhances transgene expression in lungs of animals with a chronic alveolar filling process [15].
• Total lung expression of the beta-Gal reporter gene was increased two- to three-fold by instillation of the virus (10(11) particles/kg body weight) in saline (1.5 ml/kg) simultaneously with perflubron liquid (15 ml/kg) compared to virus+saline alone (control) [16].
• All tidal volumes measured with perfluorooctyl bromide vapor were increased compared with control [17].
• There was no difference in bacterial viability between the control and perflubron-exposed bacteria (n = 5) [18].

Anatomical context of Imagent GI

• In animals receiving either vector alone or vector with perflubron, in situ beta-galactosidase expression was observed in a variety of cells including large airway, bronchiolar, and alveolar epithelial cells [4].
• We examined the effect of instilled perflubron (LiquiVent) on the transport properties of alveolar epithelium in anesthetized rats [19].
• Because perflubron is expected to be used most frequently on surgical patients in a hemodiluted state, we conducted all tests on human erythrocytes suspended in plasma at a hemoglobin concentration standardized to 70 g/L (7 g/dL) and with oxyhemoglobin saturation set at 97% [20].
• Massage of the injection site increased delivery of the perflubron emulsion to regional lymph nodes [21].
• The sonographer, unaware of rabbit assignment, imaged both kidneys in 17 rabbits before and 24 hours after the temporary occlusion of one of the renal arteries and then again after the infusion of up to 5 ml/kg of PFOB (N = 10) or saline (N = 7) [22].

Associations of Imagent GI with other chemical compounds

• NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the interaction of perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) bilayers [23].
• At the highest concentrations, PFB stimulated a significant increase in resting monocytic reactive oxygen species production; all types of blood leukocytes were unresponsive to PFD [24].
• In the oleic acid lung injury model studied, perflubron tended to accumulate on top of the most severely injured dorsal and diaphragmatic parts, rendering effective recruitment by liquid positive end-expiratory pressure in these regions questionable [25].
• Group 1 received mechanical ventilation alone, group 2 received aerosolized PGE1 (5 microg followed by 0.1 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) under mechanical ventilation combined with 5 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure, and groups 3 and 4 received partial liquid ventilation with 15 ml/kg perflubron [26].
• Treatment with Oxygent plus carbogen or oxygen breathing increased the radiosensitivity of both tumors [27].

Gene context of Imagent GI

• However, at 10% perflubron ICAM upregulation in response to LPS was inhibited by 95 +/- 6% (n = 9; p < .05) [28].
• Perflubron exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect in the alveolar environment with reduction of proinflammatory IL-1 and IL-6 (possibly removing a stimulus for IL-10), white blood cell count, and protein capillary leak [29].
• In agreement with the above, additional experiments showed that incubation of LPS with perflubron prevented LPS-induced stimulation of TNF synthesis by a murine macrophage (RAW) cell line (n = 3) [28].
• PURPOSE: To determine the serial radiographic appearance of the lungs of neonates who underwent partial liquid ventilation with perflubron because of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) or primary pulmonary hypertension [30].
• PFC-treated patients first underwent acute normovolemic hemodilution to hemoglobin of 8.0 +/- 0.5 g/dl, followed by dosing with perflubron emulsion (1.8 g/kg) [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Imagent GI

• METHODS: We studied the efficacy of partial liquid ventilation with perflubron in 13 premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome in whom conventional treatment, including surfactant therapy, had failed [6].
• Signal from the PFOB in the tumor volume seen by the coil rapidly reached equilibrium and was maintained for at least 2 hours, and multiple doses of PFOB emulsion resulted in a linear increase in 19F signal strength [1].
• Rats were given perflubron at 0 ml/kg (control) to 20 ml/kg and ventilated with a VT of 33 ml/kg without or with 5 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) [32].
• Polymerized hemoglobin solutions (Hb-based oxygen carriers; HBOCs) and a second-generation perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion (Perflubron) are in clinical trials as temporary oxygen carriers ("blood substitutes") [33].
• Use of liquid ventilation with perflubron during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: chest radiographic appearances [34].

References