Disease relevance of ACPP

• Human prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) has been used as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer [1].
• Expression of human prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) genes in prostatic carcinoma (CAP) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was investigated by northern blot analyses [2].
• The size of PAP mRNAs from benign prostate hyperplasia and cancerous prostate was estimated to be 3.2Kb, indicating that the 3' downstream polyadenylation signal was used [3].
• In contrast, the highest sensitivity in newly detected carcinomas (n = 41) was obtained with PSA (71%), whereas that of GSM (51%) was comparable to that of PAP (44%) [4].
• BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether psychiatric disturbances, particularly somatization, and an increased number of traumatic and critical life events, which have been found in women with idiopathic chronic pelvic pain (ICPP), can also be observed in women with chronic pelvic pain and abdominal adhesions (ACPP) [5].
• In well-differentiated human prostate cancer tissue specimens, the expression of secretory PAP, but not TM-PAP, is significantly decreased [6].

Psychiatry related information on ACPP

• RESULTS: Diagnostic criteria for somatoform pain disorder were fullfilled in 73.3% of the ICPP patients, 60% of the ACPP patients and none of the controls [5].
• CONCLUSIONS: Because high somatization and high prevalence rates of abuse were not only found in patients suffering from ICPP but also in ACPP patients, it seems to be doubtful that the somatic pathology may fully explain the psychopathology in patients with ACPP [5].
• The first is a 13-year-old Hispanic girl with severe RP, PAP, mental retardation and obesity (BMI >40) [7].
• The measurement of transmural values allowed a reliable assessment of PAP changes occurring during apneas, and different degrees of such changes shown by different patients may be related to a host of factors relevant to wakefulness and sleep, including individual responsivity to hypoxic stimulus [8].
• This review presents the possible involvement of 3'(2')-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate (PAP) phosphatase in the etiology of bipolar disorder and the mechanism of action of Li [9].

High impact information on ACPP

• Both the proband and her affected brother had RP, PAP, mild mental retardation, morbid obesity (BMI >50 and 37, respectively), lobulated kidneys with prominent calyces and diabetes mellitus (diagnosed at ages 33 and 30, respectively) [7].
• We conclude that PSA is more sensitive than PAP in the detection of prostatic cancer and will probably be more useful in monitoring responses and recurrence after therapy [10].
• PSA was increased in 86 percent and PAP in 14 percent of the patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia [10].
• Monospecific rabbit antiserums to PAPP-A, PAPP-C and hCS all stained the trophoblast cytoplasm equivalently in a continuous layer, usggesting that the same trophoblast cells synthesize all three pregnancy proteins [11].
• The antibody was found to be present in all specimens of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from 11 I-PAP patients but not in samples from 2 secondary PAP patients, 53 normal subjects, and 14 patients with other lung diseases [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of ACPP

• The objective of the present study was to establish a propagable cell line from R3327H adenocarcinoma that maintained androgen sensitivity and expression of AR, PSA and PAP [13].
• Natural killer (NK) cell activity was studied together with tumor marker serotests (PSA, PAP) and blood testosterone, estradiol, cortisol, and prolactin concentrations in treated prostate cancer patients [14].
• Twenty-eight pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies from 11 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma were stained for prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and keratin to determine the effect of hormonal (diethylstilbestrol) therapy on these immunological markers [15].
• Relationship between diurnal rhythm of serum testosterone and two prostatic markers (PSA and PAP) in untreated prostate cancer [16].
• The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of five biological markers--prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate specific antigen (PSA), tartrate resistant (Tr-ACP), and tartrate labile (TI-ACP) acid phosphatases, and alkaline phosphatase bone isoenzyme (B-ALP)--for the detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate carcinoma [17].

Biological context of ACPP

• We have confirmed the previous assignment of the ACPP gene to chromosome 3 by probing a panel of 25 human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids, and we have further localized the ACPP gene to chromosome 3q21-q23 by fluorescence in situ hybridization [1].
• The prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) gene is localized to human chromosome 3q21-q23 [1].
• Nucleotide sequence of human prostatic acid phosphatase ACPP gene, including seven Alu repeats [18].
• The protein-coding sequence of the human ACPP gene was shown to be interrupted by nine introns [18].
• However, generation of prostate-specific autoimmunity was seen only when a xenogeneic homolog of PAP was used as the immunogen [19].

Anatomical context of ACPP

• All patients developed T cell immunity to mouse PAP following immunization [19].
• To explore the potential role of xenoantigen immunization in cancer patients, we performed a phase I clinical trial using dendritic cells pulsed with recombinant mouse PAP as a tumor vaccine [19].
• METHODS: Human PAP, purified from semen, was crystallized using polyethylene glycol as the precipitant and its crystal structure was determined using X-ray diffraction [20].
• CONCLUSIONS: Fetal prostates at 6-7 months of gestation already synthesize PSA and PAP but not PSP94 [21].
• Prostatic acid phosphatase levels increase in the serum of patients with prostate cancer and its peptide from positions 299 to 307 (PAP 299-307) is recognized by HLA-A2 restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes [22].

Associations of ACPP with chemical compounds

• RESULTS: The structure of hPAP is similar to that of other known histidine phosphatases, and the positions of its catalytic residues are conserved [20].
• PAP cleavage sites differed from those of hK3 and were mainly at P1 = Gln residues or between residues bearing hydroxyl groups [23].
• Only 3-4 dichloroisocoumarin and benzamidine inhibited purified PAP [23].
• Identification of gp17 glycoprotein and characterization of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and carboxypeptidase E (CPE) fragments in a human seminal plasma fraction interacting with concanavalin A [24].
• Expression of the PAP gene was measured by Northern blots in the androgen responsive LNCaP cell line [25].

Physical interactions of ACPP

• All PSA assays were coupled with prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) measurements [26].

Enzymatic interactions of ACPP

• CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of serum PSA values with adjustment of the cut-off value was considered more useful than PAP in mass screening for prostate cancer [27].

Regulatory relationships of ACPP

• PAP amidolytic activity was poorly inhibited by all currently used wide spectrum proteinase inhibitors [23].
• The use of PSA and PAP jointly to detect and to monitor prostate cancer did not appear to enhance the clinical utility over that of PSA alone [28].

Other interactions of ACPP

• PSA and PAP displayed inverse immunoreactivity compared with hK2 [29].
• No hybridization signal and immunoreactivity of PSP94 were seen in fetal prostates at 6-7 months of gestation, whereas some glandular cells were positive to PSA and PAP immunostainings [21].
• Therefore, steroids cannot directly regulate hPAP gene expression via receptor binding to steroid response elements at -178 and +336, which have been shown to have androgen receptor-binding ability in vitro [30].
• All five were positive for PSA and PAP and only one case had rare CK20-positive tumor cells [31].
• IFN gamma-producing Th cells, specific for both PSA and PAP, could be identified in patients with prostate cancer [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of ACPP

• All six of these patients developed T cell immunity to human PAP following vaccination [19].
• Its localization pattern was also compared with those of two other major secretory proteins, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), by immunohistochemistry [21].
• CONCLUSIONS: PAP 213-221 may be appropriate as a cancer vaccine for specific immunotherapy in patients with HLA-A2402 positive prostate cancer [22].
• The apparent molecular mass of human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was estimated over a wide range of enzyme concentrations using equilibrium centrifugation in the "Airfuge" tabletop ultracentrifuge [33].
• A 63-year-old man, who had undergone prostatectomy for prostate cancer that was positive for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was examined and found to have metastatic disease, proven radiologically and pathologically, but with an undetectable PSA and highly elevated prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) [34].

References