Disease relevance of Trichuris

• The presence of additional enteric pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, carrying the eaeA intimin or Stx2c Shiga toxin virulence genes, Balantidium coli, Giardia lamblia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Trichuris trichiura was found in all animals regardless of whether diarrhea was present [1].
• Weight gain of Kenyan school children infected with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides is improved following once- or twice-yearly treatment with albendazole [2].
• OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of single doses of albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine, and of the combinations albendazole + ivermectin and albendazole + diethylcarbamazine against common intestinal helminthiases caused by Ascaris and Trichuris spp [3].
• In areas with schistosomiasis, hookworm infection and high prevalence of Trichuris infection, combination treatment with praziquantel, triple-dose albendazole, plus iron supplementation, is likely to improve pupils' health and haemoglobin levels [4].
• This study, with other evidence, suggests that the replacement of a Th2 (allergic) T helper cell response by a Th1 (cell-mediated) response may result in increased severity and persistence of colitis in response to Trichuris infection [5].

High impact information on Trichuris

• Treatment of genetically susceptible mice with exogenous IL-25 promoted type 2 cytokine responses and immunity to Trichuris [6].
• IL-25 was constitutively expressed by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the gut of mouse strains that are resistant to Trichuris, and IL-25-deficient mice on a genetically resistant background failed to develop a type 2 immune response or eradicate infection [6].
• Mice that lack Notch signaling in CD4+ T cells fail to develop a protective Th2 cell response against the gastrointestinal helminth Trichuris muris [7].
• Expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris is mediated by a T helper (Th) 2 type response involving interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 [8].
• Treatment of trichuris infection with albendazole [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Trichuris

• There were too few cases of Trichuris and Ascaris infection to allow comparison of the two regimens, but flubendazole appeared to be as effective and the single day regimen more convenient than difetasone for trichuriasis and levamisole for ascariasis [10].

Biological context of Trichuris

• In the present study, we show that inactivation of the Mbd2 gene, which links DNA methylation and repressed chromatin, results in enhanced resistance to the protozoan parasite Leishmania major but impaired immunity to the intestinal helminth Trichuris muris [11].
• The single-dose treatment of Trichuris infections with mebendazole is of considerable public health importance as this single dose regime is easy to administer, well-accepted, well tolerated, less expensive, and has a broad spectrum effect [12].
• The influence of genes mapping within the major histocompatibility complex on resistance to Trichuris muris infections in mice [13].
• In vitro effect of benzimidazole drugs on the enzymes of lipid metabolism in Trichuris globulosa [14].
• Effect of thiabendazole and fenbendazole on glucose uptake and carbohydrate metabolism in Trichuris globulosa [15].

Anatomical context of Trichuris

• Infection of resistant or susceptible mice with Trichuris muris provokes mesenteric lymph node responses which are polarized towards Th2 or Th1, respectively [16].
• The major E/S protein of Trichuris trichiura, the human whipworm, is a highly immunogenic 47-kDa protein that has a pore forming activity that is thought to be essential for the attachment of the worm to host mucosal epithelium [17].
• Surface properties of developing stages of Trichuris muris were investigated by analysis of binding affinities for specific anti-parasite antibodies present in a range of infection sera; in vitro eosinophil adherence studies; and binding of the fluorescent-labelled lectins, Con A, WGA, PNA and RCA [18].
• The merthiolate-iodine-formalin (MIF) technique to detect human intestinal parasites in feces was inefficient for the detection of hookworm and Trichuris trichiura eggs [19].
• The effect of disulfiram on egg shell morphology in the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris was studied in vitro and in vivo [20].

Associations of Trichuris with chemical compounds

• Here, Ed Cooper and Don Bundy discuss the scale of disease caused by Trichuris, pointing to possible reasons for its neglect- under-recognition, under-reporting, and/or uncertainty of pathogenesis [21].
• In treatment of Trichuris trichiura infection, mebendazole, administered over a period of 3 days, is the most effective available drug [22].
• cDNAs were obtained for macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF)/L-dopachrome methyl ester tautomerase homologues from the parasitic nematodes Trichinella spiralis (TsMIF) and Trichuris trichiura (TtMIF) [23].
• Thiabendazole (100 microM) and fenbendazole (250 microM) were found to inhibit U-14 C-glucose, (Na)-1-14C-palmitate and (Na)-1-14 C-acetate uptake markedly (P less than 0.001) in adult Trichuris globulosa [24].
• Sequence variation in the Trichuris trichiura beta-tubulin locus: implications for the development of benzimidazole resistance [25].

Gene context of Trichuris

• We show here for the first time that CCL2 plays an important role in the development of resistance to infection by the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris [26].
• Interleukin-9 enhances resistance to the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris [27].
• Female IL-4 knockout (KO) mice on a C57BL/6 background (F4KOC57) are susceptible to infection with the cecal-dwelling nematode Trichuris muris whereas wild-type C57BL/6 mice are resistant and expel the parasite [28].
• Absence of CC chemokine ligand 2 results in an altered Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and failure to expel Trichuris muris infection [26].
• Resistance and susceptibility to the intestinal parasite Trichuris muris has been shown to be due to a dominant T helper 2 (Th2) and a dominant Th1 response, respectively [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Trichuris

• The Trichuris trichiura worm burdens of 23 children living in a Place-of-Safety in Kingston, Jamaica, were assessed by stool collection for more than five days after treatment with mebendazole [30].
• Eggs of Trichuris trichiura were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by the dimethylsulfoxide freeze-cracking method [31].
• Uses of a 3-day course of 400 mg albendazole daily should be considered in mass or targeted soil-transmitted helminths chemotherapy particularly in areas where the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura is high and polyparasitism is common [32].
• Efficacy of moxidectin injection (ProHeart 6 Sustained Release Injectable for Dogs, Fort Dodge Animal Health) against naturally acquired infections of Trichuris vulpis was compared with that of milbemycin oxime/lufenuron tablets (Sentinel Flavor Tabs, Novartis Animal Health) [33].

References